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Root Causes of Deficiencies in Air Force Management of Cybersecurity

• The cybersecurity environment is complex, rapidly changing, and difficult to predict, but the policies governing cybersecurity are better suited to simple, stable, and predictable environments, leading to significant gaps in cybersecurity management.
• The implementation of cybersecurity is not continuously vigilant throughout the life cycle of a military system, but instead is triggered by acquisition events, mostly during procurement, resulting in incomplete coverage of cybersecurity issues by policy.
• Control of and accountability for military system cybersecurity are spread over numerous organizations and are poorly integrated, resulting in diminished accountability and diminished unity of command and control for cybersecurity.
• Monitoring and feedback for cybersecurity is incomplete, uncoordinated, and insufficient for effective decisionmaking or accountability.
• Two underlying themes carry though these findings: that cybersecurity risk management does not adequately capture the impact to operational missions and that cybersecurity is mainly added onto systems, not designed in.