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The Available Evidence Did Not Yield Consistent Effects for Substance Use Outcomes

• There was evidence of the effectiveness of needle acupuncture on some psychosocial outcomes (namely, withdrawal/craving and anxiety), though the body of evidence for these results is of low to very low quality.
• We found no robust evidence to suggest that effects of needle acupuncture differed systematically as an adjunctive therapy or monotherapy, or by the type of comparator.
• The available evidence suggests that acupuncture is not typically associated with serious adverse events, though adverse events were rarely assessed.
• The generally poor methodological quality of the body of evidence prevents any strong conclusions about needle acupuncture for substance use disorders.