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Language Training Has Had Some Successes

• The field has shared definitions and metrics around which training and workforce management are structured.
• Training has been tailored to a variety of needs and levels.
• Screening tools have been created to identify candidates who are more likely to succeed.
• The range of training options generally meets the diverse needs of many stakeholders.

Language Training Also Continues to Face Challenges

• The pipeline of skilled personnel is limited.
• Training to high levels of proficiency is time consuming.
• Institutions rarely share resources.
• Most university-based language training is regarded as weak or lacking practical orientation.
• Concerns remain about cost and return on investment.

The Authors Identified Preliminary Lessons from Language Training for Cyber Training

• Shared definitions, training standards, and metrics are an important first step in ensuring efficient training and workforce management.
• Close alignment with mission needs is important to effective training.
• Training may benefit from a variety of training providers and delivery methods to enable responsiveness to diverse mission needs and diverse groups of trainees.
• Training individuals from a zero skill level is costly and often inefficient, so building a strong pipeline of candidates may be beneficial.
• Cyber training may benefit from the development of validated screening tools or processes that can be used across the field.
• Alignment between workforce management priorities and training plans is important to ensure a return on the investment.