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Overall, Program Participants Showed More Positive Outcomes Than Comparison-Group Youths Did

• In programs that used historical comparison groups, only a few big six outcomes differed significantly between the two cohorts.
• Most programs that used contemporaneous comparison groups were small and showed no significant differences between program participants and comparison-group youths. School-Based Probation Supervision for High School Probationers participants showed more positive outcomes for four of the big six outcomes and insignificant differences on the other two.
• Programs that used pre–post evaluation designs targeted mostly at-risk youths, who showed no significant differences between pre and post measurement periods.
• Results within any given program showed very small year-to-year differences in outcomes for the years that RAND has been evaluating these programs for Los Angeles County.

Program Participants in Each of the Three Initiatives Performed Better Than Comparison-Group Youths in One or More Outcomes

• Arrest rates were significantly lower, and rates of probation completion higher, for program participants in the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative than for comparison-group youths.
• Program participants in the Enhanced Services to High-Risk/High-Need Youth initiative had significantly lower rates of arrest than comparison-group youths did.
• Participants in the Enhanced School- and Community-Based Services initiative had significantly better outcomes than the baseline period or comparison group on all of the big six outcomes except probation violations.

For Most Programs, Administrative Costs Contributed Most to Total Juvenile Justice Cost

• Several programs did produce average savings in several important outcomes.