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Mindfulness Meditation Is Associated with a Small Effect of Improved Pain Symptoms, but the Quality of Evidence is Low

• Of 28 included randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of mindfulness meditation for chronic pain, 24 reported continuous pain measures. Results of pooled analysis indicated a statistically significant reduction of pain symptoms, but the quality of evidence that mindfulness meditation is associated with a decrease in chronic pain compared with control is low overall.
• In subgroup analyses of comparators, mindfulness meditation significantly reduced pain scale scores compared with treatment as usual, but not compared with passive controls, such as waitlists, or with education or support groups.
• There is high quality evidence that mindfulness meditation to treat chronic pain significantly reduced depressive symptoms, and there is moderate quality evidence that it improves physical and mental health-related quality of life.
• The efficacy of mindfulness meditation did not differ significantly when given as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy or by type of intervention, medical condition, or frequency or duration of treatment.