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来源类型 | Research Reports |
规范类型 | 报告 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1607 |
来源ID | RR-1607-WODC |
Internet-facilitated drugs trade: An analysis of the size, scope and the role of the Netherlands | |
Kristy Kruithof; Judith Aldridge; David Décary Hétu; Megan Sim; Elma Dujso; Stijn Hoorens | |
发表日期 | 2016 |
出版者 | RAND Corporation |
出版年 | 2016 |
页码 | 203 |
语种 | 英语 |
结论 | Monthly revenues from drugs on cryptomarkets are in the double-digit million dollarsOf all products and services on offer, this study found that 57 per cent of listings across the eight analysed cryptomarkets offered drugs. The results indicate that these cryptomarkets generated a total monthly revenue of $14.2m (€12.6m) in January 2016, $12.0m (€10.5m) when prescription drugs and alcohol and tobacco are excluded (lower-boundary estimate). An upper-boundary estimate for monthly drug revenues via visible listings on all cryptomarkets would be $25.0m (€22.1m) and $21.1m (€18.5m) when prescription drugs and alcohol and tobacco are excluded. Cannabis, stimulants and ecstasy were responsible for 70 per cent of all revenues on the analysed cryptomarkets. No information was identified on revenues on the clear net. The values are based on EUR/USD exchange rate of 1.14 as of April 2016. Cryptomarkets are not just an 'eBay for Drugs'Large 'wholesale' level transactions (those greater than $1,000) are important for cryptomarkets, generating nearly one quarter of overall revenue both in September 2013 and in January 2016. Based on these findings it is likely that many cryptomarket customers are drug dealers sourcing stock intended for offline distribution. Most revenues are generated by vendors who indicate they are operating from Anglo-Saxon countries or Western EuropeMost vendors appeared to be operating from the United States (890), followed by the United Kingdom (338), and Germany (225). Vendors indicating they ship from the United States generated 36% per cent of all drug revenues within our sample. Other Anglo-Saxon (Canada and the United Kingdom) as well as Western European countries (the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, France) also generate substantial proportions of revenues. Revenues from vendors operating from the Netherlands are by far the largest on a per capita basisRevenues to vendors reporting to operate from the Netherlands on cryptomarkets accounted for 8 per cent of total drug revenues. On a per capita basis, revenues to vendors operating from the Netherlands were 2.4 times higher than those from the United Kingdom and 4.5 higher than those from the United States. Vendors and buyers on online markets seem to have similar characteristicsTraditional investigation techniques applied in the drug chain, postal detection and interception, online detection and online disruption are potential law enforcement strategies in the detection and intervention of Internet-facilitated drugs trade. In addition, international cooperation and coordination (and the accompanying legal challenges), capacity and resources and (technical) capabilities could play a facilitating role in deploying the different strategies to tackle Internet-facilitated drugs trade. There are four broad categories of modes of detection and interventionTraditional investigation techniques applied in the drug chain, postal detection and interception, online detection and online disruption are potential law enforcement strategies in the detection and intervention of Internet-facilitated drugs trade. In addition, international cooperation and coordination (and the accompanying legal challenges), capacity and resources and (technical) capabilities could play a facilitating role in deploying the different strategies to tackle Internet-facilitated drugs trade. |
主题 | Crime ; Cyber and Data Sciences ; Cybercrime ; Illegal Drug Trade ; The Internet ; Law Enforcement ; Netherlands |
URL | https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1607.html |
来源智库 | RAND Corporation (United States) |
引用统计 | |
资源类型 | 智库出版物 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.153/handle/2XGU8XDN/108366 |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Kristy Kruithof,Judith Aldridge,David Décary Hétu,et al. Internet-facilitated drugs trade: An analysis of the size, scope and the role of the Netherlands. 2016. |
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