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Implementation Findings

• Programs implemented common features with fidelity but instructional quality varied within and across sites.

Attendance Findings

• Participation was weaker in the second summer.
• Students who participated attended an average of about 75 percent of the time.

Causal Findings on Program Effects

• Summer programs produced a modest near-term benefit in mathematics that dissipated by the next fall.
• There was no causal evidence that the programs produced benefits in language arts, social emotional outcomes, or student attendance or grades during the school year.
• There was no causal evidence that offering two summers of programming provided benefits.

Correlational Findings on Program Effects

• There is promising evidence that students with high attendance in one summer benefited in mathematics and that these benefits persisted through the following spring.
• There is promising evidence that students with high attendance in the second summer benefited in mathematics and language arts and that these effects persisted.
• There is promising evidence that students with high attendance in the second summer benefited in terms of social-emotional outcomes.
• There is promising evidence that students with high levels of academic time on task benefited from the programs and that these benefits persisted in both mathematics and language arts.
• There is promising evidence that students who received high-quality language arts instruction benefited from the programs.