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Perceptions of Russia as a Military Threat Differ Sharply Across Europe and Appear to be Heavily Influenced by Geographical Proximity to Russia

• Some of Russia's neighbors see Russia as capable of and potentially willing to carry out a conventional attack against them but do not necessarily see such an attack as likely.
• Some European countries, particularly eastern NATO members, are concerned that the Alliance is ill equipped to respond to the current crisis with Russia.

European Countries Have Adopted a Broad Range of Measures in Response to the Ukrainian Crisis

• That Russia's behavior requires a strong response is widely accepted by most European countries.
• NATO has begun its adaptation to the new threat environment.
• Responses to Russia's strategic communication efforts and internal destabilization efforts have been limited.
• While agreeing on a firm response to Russia's aggressive moves, most European countries have also made sure to pursue dialogue with Russia on Ukraine-related issues as well as other matters of mutual interest.

European Officials Interviewed Generally Agreed on Three Key Elements that Shape Their Current Relations with Russia and Likely Will Continue to Do So in the Near Future

• Relations with Russia have changed irremediably.
• Tensions are unlikely to recede anytime soon.
• Future actions toward Russia depend on Russian behavior.