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The Evidence Base Is Too Limited to Draw Any Strong Conclusions

• Only a small number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mindfulness meditation interventions for treatment of tobacco use have been published, and the interventions, comparators, and outcomes vary considerably. Important aspects of methodology were often unreported in the journal articles describing these RCTs.
• Effects on smoking cessation (abstinence) favored meditation but were not statistically different from comparator interventions, and the mean number of cigarettes per day was not statistically different between meditation and comparator interventions at follow-up. Analysis suggested that effects vary by type of intervention.
• Only three RCTs addressed adverse events, and all reported no events.
• No included studies reported the number of quit attempts or quality of life measures, and no studies obtained a "good" quality rating. Only one study reported on adverse events related to the mindfulness intervention.