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Five Categories of Metrics Are Useful for Comparing and Contrasting Alternative C2 Concepts and Should Be Evaluated in the Context of the Goals for C2 of Joint Air Operations

• Different C2 concepts will have different resource requirements, especially for manpower. For instance, establishing a joint task force might require additional manpower.
• Performance of C2 for enabling forces to achieve operational outcomes can be affected by a commander's span of control — the number of direct reports — as well as the heights of the organizational structure and the connectivity among elements of the structure.
• Risk — in this case, the likelihood of and impact of adverse conditions on C2 performance or operational outcomes — should also be evaluated for alternative concepts.
• A concept also needs to be resilient, that is, be inherently resistant and be flexible, adaptable, and recoverable.
• A versatile concept would be applicable to a range of scenarios.

A Concept Suitable for One Type of Operation May Not Be Suitable for Another

• The report evaluates a selection of JTF- and GCC-led concepts in a pair of scenarios.
• The evaluation showed that manpower requirements associated with standing up a JTF can be very significant. However, a JTF can expand the options available for addressing theater concerns. There are risks associated with both of the alternative concepts, with some in common and some unique to the concept. The risks are unique to the scenario.