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Constructs vary in terms of malleability through training and education

• Some constructs are relatively stable: these include fluid intelligence (e.g., abilities related to processing information and abstract reasoning), affiliative aspects of extraversion, and dispositional aspects of creativity.
• Other constructs, including generalized self-efficacy, crystallized intelligence (e.g., depth of vocabulary), critical-thinking skills, creative problem-solving, expertise, and resilience, may be amenable to change, but development requires substantial time and effort.
• Of the constructs reviewed, physical fitness, which is an aspect of leader presence, is the most amenable to change.
• Other constructs associated with leader attributes may be malleable through work experiences or organizational practices such as specifying clear job roles; these constructs include conscientiousness, social dominance aspects of extraversion, and affective commitment to the organization.
• Still other constructs are associated with leader attributes, but there is insufficient research evidence regarding their malleability. These include dispositional aspects of critical thinking, metacognition, emotional intelligence, ethical decision making, initiative, and motivation to lead.

There are many measures of constructs associated with Army leader attributes

• Common approaches to measurement include multiple-choice tests, essay tests, situational judgment tests, work sample tests, self-report surveys, and interviews.
• Measures vary in factors such as the types of attributes assessed, type of information provided (objective or subjective), reliability, validity, scalability, and costs of development, administration, and scoring.