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Factors which may drive violent and antisocial behaviour in football fans include:

• The influence of alcohol, which the evidence suggests may be a contributing factor to such behaviour, although the causal relationship between alcohol and hooliganism is unclear.

• Internal and external or relational psychological factors, such as rushes of adrenaline and a sense of meaning gained through these behaviours, and capacity to self-regulate emotions.
• Sporting rivalries, which have been shown to increase aggression in fans.
• Socio-political factors, such as unemployment, repression by state agents and ethnic-nationality tensions.
• Spatial factors, particularly given that large numbers of football fans may travel to a football tournament host city without the intention of attending a match, but rather will congregate in public spaces and fan zones.
• Situational and atmosphere-related factors including the day of the week on which the match is held, the match venue, the kick-off time, crowd size and the size of support groups in attendance.
• Reaction to play, for example a team's performance on the pitch and their style of play, as well as fans' expectations of their team.

While the identified studies consider specific factors driving fan behaviour, the available evidence supports the notion that no single factor can be found to be responsible for violent or antisocial behaviour by fans at football events. Rather, multiple factors are often in play simultaneously.

The quality of the identified literature varied significantly, and the research team rated only a handful of studies as being very high quality.