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Key Findings

1. An updated comprehensive review of rigorous evaluations of early childhood programs confirms and strengthens RAND researchers' findings from previous syntheses showing that many early childhood programs can improve a range of outcomes for children.
2. Of the 115 programs reviewed, 102 had a positive effect on at least one child outcome.
3. Among programs with an economic evaluation, the typical return is $2 to $4 for every dollar invested.

Motivated by the growing knowledge of the importance of the first five years of life for promoting lifelong health and well-being, especially for children at greatest risk of poor outcomes, RAND researchers have conducted a series of reviews to assess and summarize the evidence for early childhood programs.