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The Department of Defense (DOD) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program exists primarily to enhance the commercial viability of defense contracts. However, the overall effectiveness of this important program is generally unknown and has received little attention from empirical researchers. Consequently, this study seeks to fill this void through two key contributions. Its first objective is to provide an enhanced evaluation methodology taking advantage of the general availability of current data. Within this general context there are two related research questions: 1) does SBIR positively influence commercial viability? and 2) what is the most effective means of evaluating this important question? The second objective is to provide an estimate of a treatment effect from winning a SBIR contract.