| 摘要 | This analysis of industrial changes in the USA is the first in a series of case studies on structural changes since 1960. Generally, this has been a period of economic growth in the USA, but no means all industries have shared in it to the same extent. Measured by means of index numbers, the growth of total national production represents the national average. Industries with slower growth than that for total industrial production may be viewed as underperformers, and those with faster growth as overperformers. The growth differential is also reflected in the percentage shares held by individual industries in total output (sales values and value added) and capital stock (equipment). The analysis covers 127 US industries at the disaggregated 3-digit SIC level. The major results are that the combined share in total output (sales values at 1972 prices) by the underperformers receded from 61% in 1960 to 50% in 1980; or from 55% to 43% in terms of value added (also at 1972 prices). The most prominent 'losers' are: food (dairy, grain mill, and bakery products); primary metals (steel); transportation equipment (automobiles); and stone, clay, and glass products (cement). With the addition of industries that were still growing faintly in the 1960s, but more slowly than the average in the 1970s, for example, textile mill products, metal fabrications, and others, the combined share of the losers eroded from 78% of total output in 1960 to 67% in 1980 (sales values) or from 73% in 1960 to 62% in 1980 (in terms of value added), whereas the share of the 'winners' moved up from 20% in 1960 to 32% in 1980 (sales values) and from 26% in 1960 to 37% in 1980 (value added). The growth industries include nonelectrical machinery (office and computing machinery; refrigeration and service machinery), electrical and electronic equipment (especially electronic equipment and accessories and communication equipment, as well as radio and TV equipment), investments, and chemicals (drugs and pharmaceuticals, soap and toiletries--but not industrial inorganic chemicals). Only one industry, furniture and fixtures, did not change its output share over the period studied. |
