| 来源类型 | Article |
| 规范类型 | 其他 |
| DOI | 10.1021/es303804g |
| Costs and benefits of nitrogen for Europe and implications for mitigation. | |
| van Grinsven HJM; Holland M; Jacobsen BH; Klimont Z; Sutton MA; Willems WJ | |
| 发表日期 | 2013 |
| 出处 | Environmental Science & Technology |
| 出版年 | 2013 |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 摘要 | Cost-benefit analysis can be used to provide guidance for emerging policy priorities in reducing nitrogen (N) pollution. This paper provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of costs and benefits of the various flows of N on human health, ecosystems and climate stability in order to identify major options for mitigation. The social cost of impacts of N in the EU27 in 2008 was estimated between Euro 75-485 billion per year. A cost share of around 60% is related to emissions to air. The share of total impacts on human health is about 45% and may reflect the higher willingness to pay for human health than for ecosystems or climate stability. Air pollution by nitrogen also generates social benefits for climate by present cooling effects of N containing aerosol and C-sequestration driven by N deposition, amounting to an estimated net benefit of about Euro 5 billion/yr. The economic benefit of N in primary agricultural production ranges between Euro 20-80 billion/yr and is lower than the annual cost of pollution by agricultural N which is in the range of Euro 35-230 billion/yr. Internalizing these environmental costs would lower the optimum annual N-fertilization rate in Northwestern Europe by about 50 kg/ha. Acknowledging the large uncertainties and conceptual issues of our cost-benefit estimates, the results support the priority for further reduction of NH3 and NOx emissions from transport and agriculture beyond commitments recently agreed in revision of the Gothenburg Protocol. |
| 主题 | Mitigation of Air Pollution (MAG) ; Air Quality & ; Greenhouse Gases (AIR) |
| 关键词 | Agricultural productions Comprehensive assessment Costs and benefits Environmental costs Gothenburg protocols Nitrogen pollution Provide guidances Willingness to pay |
| URL | http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/10372/ |
| 来源智库 | International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (Austria) |
| 引用统计 | |
| 资源类型 | 智库出版物 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.153/handle/2XGU8XDN/129707 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | van Grinsven HJM,Holland M,Jacobsen BH,et al. Costs and benefits of nitrogen for Europe and implications for mitigation.. 2013. |
| 条目包含的文件 | 条目无相关文件。 | |||||
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。
