| 来源类型 | Book Section |
| DOI | 10.1007/978-94-011-0283-4_1 |
| Introduction and Overview. | |
| Holzmann R; Gacs J; Winckler G | |
| 发表日期 | 1995 |
| 出处 | Output Decline in Eastern Europe. pp. 1-12 Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-94-011-0283-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0283-4_1 . |
| 出版年 | 1995 |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 摘要 | In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as in other countries with a past of state socialism and central planning, the political revolutions of the late 1980s brought about dramatic and rapid changes in the economy. In allocating their resources, firms and households had to face the emergence of markets and challenges from foreign competitors. In financial institutions, the mono-banking system was broken up and replaced by Western-type central and commercial banks. Capital markets came into being. New fiscal structures, on the revenue as well as expenditure side, were introduced. Individual property rights were established, and mass-privatization efforts commenced. Simultaneously, macroeconomic stabilization was needed and external shocks — for example, the demise of the CMEA — had to be absorbed. |
| 主题 | Economic Transition and Integration (ETI) |
| URL | http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13115/ |
| 来源智库 | International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (Austria) |
| 引用统计 | |
| 资源类型 | 智库出版物 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.153/handle/2XGU8XDN/133359 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Holzmann R,Gacs J,Winckler G. Introduction and Overview.. 1995. |
| 条目包含的文件 | 条目无相关文件。 | |||||
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。
