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This research paper offers an overview of expected climate change impacts, vulnerabilities, and the main policy actions undertaken in Europe to adapt to such changes. Regional and sectoral challenges that European countries expect to tackle with regard to climate change impacts and vulnerabilities are presented in the first section.

The second section shows estimated costs of climate change impacts and costs to adapt, according to the available studies. The third section contains a synthesis of adaptation policy frameworks in place at international, European, national and regional level. The research paper is based on key technical and policy documents focusing on Europe.