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The presentation described the research on the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation in the Indo-Gangetic Basin. This involved consultation meetings with stakeholders at national and regional levels. These were used to develop a questionnaire that was implemented with local communities. Once indicators had been identified, a local adaptation index was developed. This type of approach can be used to analyse the effectiveness of adaptation, but it was a time-consuming and resource-intensive process, and data was not always available. Communities suggested indicators for adaptation like increases in crop yields, water availability, access to water, and number of crops. Community stakeholders wanted the benefits to be easily visible, and easy to communicate and understand. Applying these indicators led to beneficial adaptation interventions including water harvesting, ground water pumping, green manure, better fertilizer management and better pest management.