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People, governments and enterprises are responding to the effects of climate change as they become apparent. Although adaptation is new and complex, agencies at all levels need to integrate it into development before climate effects escalate significantly. To do this successfully, every opportunity to learn how to enable effective adaptation must be taken. The tracking adaptation and measuring development (TAMD) framework is helping to generate the evidence required for this type of learning. TAMD provides a systematic examination — retrospectively or prospectively — of the processes and outcomes of climate-related interventions. Using a framework like TAMD, including crucially the use of theories of change, to evaluate current, past and future initiatives and outcomes will allow governments and other agencies to improve climate adaptation effectiveness and mainstream it in development planning.