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The current conflict concerning the boundaries of Saadani National Park in Tanzania and the rights of the local people highlights how injustices continue to be perpetrated in the name of conservation. In this context, this briefing clarifies which actors have human rights obligations. It acknowledges that while international law has previously been considered to apply only to states, it is increasingly relevant to the actions of international organisations, businesses and non-governmental organisations, including philanthropic foundations. It concludes that regardless of whether conservation is implemented and/or funded by states, international organisations, businesses or NGOs, it should neither cause nor support the violation of human rights.