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Are we doing enough to address climate change? Are countries living up to their promises? Are some doing better than they pledged? Transparency is key for answering these questions.

The 2015 Paris Agreement put forward a new “enhanced transparency framework” to monitor, report and review information relevant to the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the series of other agreements that followed it.

The regular provision of this information, and a subsequent review by experts to ensure that information is reliable, has become one of the backbones of international climate agreements. Transparency can indicate whether the level of collective efforts undertaken by countries is adequate to address climate change, by shining a light on what they do individually.

This thematic guide, updated in January 2018, was developed to provide negotiators and other stakeholders with a brief history of the negotiations on transparency; a ready reference to the key decisions that have already been adopted; and a brief analysis of the outstanding issues from a developing country perspective.