| 摘要 | ��
Research Purpose
There has been an increasing recognition for the sustainable development since the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg in 2002. Furthermore, at its eleventh session in 2003, the U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development decided that the CSD would evaluate the progress in relation to the 'Plan of Implementation of WSSD' in year 2005 and 2006 with focus on energy for sustainable development and climate change issues.
Poverty eradication and Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production were the two most important issues at the WSSD. Energy was regarded as the basic element in addressing Poverty eradication and Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production.
There has also been growing concern on sustainable development within Korea. Public acceptance on energy supply facility, such as power plants, becomes most critical issues in recent years. It is well understood that energy is an essential element in human wellbeing and an important ingredient for economic development. Energy, however, release environmentally harmful matters into the nature as byproduct of economic production and consumption activities. There is an urgent need to develop strategies for sustainable energy future for the benefits of current and future generation in the Korea.
The present study is the second-year study of a multi-year study whose prime aim is to devise energy strategies for sustainable development in Korea. First part of this study critically analyzes discussions of the IEA, CSD, and WSSD, which would lead to the elements and requirement that sustainable energy system should fulfill. Secondly, it summarizes major components of the current energy system in Korea in relation to the sustainable development. Thirdly, this study reviews various modelling approaches to the analysis for the sustainable energy system. Lastly, this study utilizes ENPEP model and develop the basic scheme of the Korean energy system which will be utilized in analyzing policies and measures for the sustainable energy system in the next year study.
Summary
The Brundtland Report in 1987 stated that ��Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'. It is now well recognized that sustainable development should be approached from several aspects. Firstly, it should be recognized that sustainable development should encompass three elements, that is, the economy, the environment and the social dimensions of human life. Economic sustainability requires strong and durable economic growth. Environmental sustainability focuses on the stability of physical systems and on preserving access to a healthy environment. Social dimension of sustainability emphasizes the importance of stability in social systems, and of democratic participation in decision making. Sustainable development also emphasizes the 'links' among these three dimensions and the need for balancing them.
Secondly, the concept of sustainable development need to address: the orientation of sustainable development toward the future, and increasing global interconnectedness between countries and regions.
The energy sector is characterized as the long term nature. The effects of energy production and consumption can be felt for many generations to come. Climate change effects may reach over several hundred years. Nuclear waste can radiate for several thousand years.
As noted before, economic sustainablity requires strong and durable economic growth, while environmental sustainablity is centered on clean air and water, and healthy biophysical systems. Social sustainablity incorporates equity, stability in social system and participatory democracy.
Discussion from IEA framework can be summarized as follows. The safe and affordable access to energy is a necessary condition for sustainable development. However, there is widespread scepticism about future availability of oil. The World Energy Assessment assumes 45 years of physical availability. Maintaining stable supply of energy should be a core objective in pursuing sustainable development. The continuous management of energy supply risk is an integral part of sustainable development. In the face of an inherently uncertain future, the energy system calls for investment in flexibility and systems capable of responding to unexpected shocks. There is an urgent need to manage risk.
Environmental side-effects of energy consumption and their impacts on human health are increasingly being serious. Local air pollution is serious in many of the cities all over the world. In recent years, the challenge of climate change becomes hot topic in international discussion. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol are among the first global efforts to take costly actions in order to achieve global benefits.
The next section discusses issues detailed at CSD and WSSD. The CSD recognized that energy is central to achieving the goals of sustainable development. It also concluded that current patterns of energy production, distribution and utilization are unsustainable. It is essential that adequate and affordable access to energy should be ensured for present and future generations, in an environmentally sound, socially acceptable and economically viable way. It further recognized that energy for sustainable development can be achieved by providing universal access to a cost-effective mix of energy resources. This should include giving a greater share of the energy mix to renewable energies, improving energy efficiency and greater reliance on advanced energy technologies, including fossil fuel technologies.
Thus aim of this study should be to assess current energy system in Korea in relation to these requirements for sustainable energy system, and develop policies and measures to enhance sustainable development in Korea. In this regard, the present study employ ENPEP(Energy and Power Evaluation Programme) to model and analyse the Korean energy system. The ENPEP model was developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The objective of the ENPEP model is to simulate energy market and determine energy supply and demand balance over a long-term period. The ENPEP processes a representative network of all energy production, conversion, transport, distribution, and utilization activities. The environmental aspect is also taken into account.
The present study developed the Korean energy system in a very simple version, which will be greatly enhanced in the next year. As for major energy activity sectors, four major sectors are modelled. Firstly, for energy supply sector, the sectors modelled are import of oil, import of feedstock, import of LNG, import of bituminous coal, and production of anthracite coal. Secondly, the transformation sector includes refinery, electric generation, district heating, and distribution and transportation. Thirdly, final energy sector includes industrial, transportation, residential, and commercial sector. Finally, energy export sector is included. It should be noted that final energy consuming sectors are differentiated by energy sources, facility, and end use.
Research Results & Policy Suggestions
Sustainable development in Korea needs to involve economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. The approach to these three elements needs to be balanced and integrated. The strategies and options for ensuring energy security should include diversification of energy supply sources, enhancing oil and gas security, prompt construction of energy facilities, and enhancing energy risk management. The strategies and options for ensuring environmentally sound energy system should involve improving energy efficiency, expanding clean energy, and R&DD of energy technologies. The strategies for social sustainability requires broader participation of stake holders at all levels of decision making.
The present study, as a second year study of multi-year research project, developed a simplistic version for the Korean energy system as a preparation for the detailed analysis in the coming years. The next year's study will expand the simple energy system model, collecting data for the analysis. Various issues identified as necessary requirements for the sustainable energy system will then be fully analyzed.
184 pages, 32 refs., 49 figs., 19 tabs., Language: Korean |
