| 摘要 | ABSTRACT
1.
Research Purpose
From the year of 2015, GHG ETS(Emission Trading System) is scheduled to be implemented in Korea, replacing current GHG/Energy target management system which has been operative since 2012 to reach the target of reducing emissions BAU by 2020.
The government adopted ETS, because it is considered to be the most cost effective measure to meet the target. It should be noted, however this just means the companies will pay the less abatement cost of GHG than the one that they should have paid without ETS. ETS basically works on the 'Cap and Trade' principle, in which the companies that didn't have any regulations on GHG emissions before are now required to reduce the emissions within their allowances, so the occurrence of additional cost is inevitable. This makes the industry unwilling to adopt ETS, and in fact, introduction of ETS in Korea proceeded with difficulty in the course of policy preparation and its legislation because of the opposition of the relevant industry.
Since the GHG ETS is scheduled to be enforced in Korea, companies need to prepare the most cost effective strategy to meet their emission allowances. This paper proposes the strategies to minimize the GHG abatement cost by reviewing the best practices to treat the climate change and ETS in either domestic or foreign major industries.
2.
Summary
This paper reviews the domestic or foreign practices to develop the strategies for ETS in the following industrial sectors: Power and Heat Generation; Steel; Petrochemistry; Semiconductors and Electric Electronic.
∙ Power and Heat Generation
The major power generating companies in Europe that participate in EU ETS, including RWE in Germany and Vattenfall in Sweden, has corresponded ETS through the invest on (i) the efficiency of the existing power plants, (ii) renewable energy power such as wind, water, or geothermal heat, or (iii) offset investment such as CDM/JI. It is shown that the power generating companies in Korea have tried similar efforts as foreign industry; they are making an investment on the efficiency of the existing power facilities and equipments through the performance improvement of deteriorated steam and gas turbine, expanding facilities for renewable energy, and securing an early reduction target through the promotion of CDM. The domestic companies in this section mutually cooperated to correspond the imminent ETS by organizing 'Technology/Climate Change Cooperation Committee��, through which they tried to share the information on new technology or renewable energy, analyze GHG reduction potential, and operate an education program for ETS.
∙ Steel
POSCO and its investment companies together launched a 'POSCO family green growth committee', which has been on operation since 2009. This Committee, sub-categorized by Low-Carbon Steel Technology, Climate Energy, and Green Business, opens a convention over twice a year to discuss the green growth strategy for the company. POSCO made its own road map for the improvement of energy efficiency by 2020 and has conducted about 2100 of related projects until 2008. This company also built a total information system on energy not only to spread the idea for energy saving or the skills for examination and management but also to share its outcome. From 2009 to 2015, POSCO has a plan to explore small or medium sized energy efficiency investments and adapt a fusion technology for energy efficiency improvement. By 2020, the company will try to increase the energy efficiency by developing a distinct and innovative technology and commercialize it.
∙ Petrochemistry
The major chemical corporations in Europe that participates in EU ETS, including Bayer in Germany and BASF in Swiss, have not only formed an internal organization to treat climate change and ETS but also operated a management system to check out the current status on its own energy consumption. Bayer, specifically, built a GHG emission monitoring system, called 'Bayer Site Information system and Bayer Climate Check', to analyze the data on energy consumption and GHG emission that occurs from production to distribution, and to estimate energy savings potential by analyzing over one hundred of plants and buildings. LG Chem. also organized a GHG/energy monitoring system, called GEMS, to analyze the statistics on energy and GHG emissions and to control emission reduction project.
It is also shown that these companies are pursuing an active communication by sharing the information on their activities to treat climate change, such as a CDP report, and active to explore offset investments such as CDM.
∙ Electric Electronic
The world-famous electronic companies, such as Philips and Siemens, built an organization, called 'Sustainability Committee of Board of Directors', to enable sustainable administration. These companies, especially, built an information system on energy and environment, using its own intra-networking(SESIS for Siemens and EcoVision Reporting System for Philips) to consistently monitor the energy consumption and the GHG emissions of their own company. Based on this information, they are developing the strategy for energy efficiency enhancement, process improvement, and the expanded use of renewable energy. They are also very attentive in eco-friendly products market. Philips are so engaged in EcoDesign, acquiring eco-friendly labelling and ISO environmental certification accreditation. Besides, they are trying to increase a communication with external stakeholder by promoting eco-friendly movement and leading the action on climate change or an energy savings initiative.
3. Policy
Recommendations
GHG ETS covers various units from overall industrial sections. Because each section and emitters has its own conditions, their corresponding strategies for ETS should be differentiated, on the basis of their status. There are, however, common strategies applicable for every industries and companies and they are as follows.
∙ Organizing an Internal Body Wholly Responsible for ETS
It is shown, according to the domestic or foreign practices, that major companies has organized and operated an internal body wholly responsible for corresponding the climate change. In this case, this organization should be one of the highest decision-making body in the organizational structure, like the Climate Change Committee of the Board of Directors or the Sustainability Committee, not in the departmental one.
To treat ETS effectively, the company should collect the data on energy consumption and GHG emissions of its own, analyze the reduction potential, estimate future emissions, manage financial or legal risk on trading emission credits, explore offset investments, or promote external communication and internal education program. Considering tasks for ETS covers various business departments and it needs a mutual cooperation among organizational bodies, it is desirable that the highest decision making body control the related activities directly.
∙ Building a Total Information System on Energy and GHG
ETS is basically the market-based system, in which the company reach its reduction target by choosing the most cost effective way through the comparison of emission credit price and the abatement cost. So each companies needs to collect an accurate information on marginal abatement cost of its own. They thus need the data on their own energy consumption and GHG emissions, the applicable reduction technologies, the effect of reduction, and the abatement cost etc. As shown in the best practices, those companies has built and operated an information system to keep monitoring their energy consumption and GHG emissions, and estimate their reduction potentials. Based on this information, they are developing their strategies for emission reduction and the utilization of emission trading market.
∙ Sharing the Vision of Action on Climate Change and the Target Establishment
Since GHG emission reduction was not considered to be related with core functioning of business in the past, it has not been easy for the companies to appreciate the importance of emission reduction and the need to share it. Thus, it is the most important job for the companies to establish their own vision of action on climate change and to help the members of their organization internally share it. Since corresponding ETS effectively needs a mutual cooperation among various business departments, as stated earlier, including the building of informational system, the evaluation and analyzation of reduction potential, the exploration of external reduction investment, and the legal or financial risk management etc., it should be preceeded that all the organizational members share the importance of action on climate change. CEO's strong determination is the most important for this and consistent internal education and promotion should be followed.
∙ Establishing GHG Reduction Target and Phased Perform Strategies
Companies should establish their own reduction target and phased perform strategies, based on the data from the information system for the energy and GHG emissions and its analysis of future emission potential. First of all, they should select the internal factor that enables emission reduction. Secondly, they should figure out their reduction potential and the marginal abatement cost by examining applicable reduction technology options and its cost. Lastly, they need to compare the internal and external reduction options by analyzing the types of external reduction investment and its economic efficiencies and risks. For the phased perform strategies, the project with least abatement cost and the most reduction efficiency should come first. If the abatement cost is too high, it would be better for the company to purchase emission credits and meet its allowances. It is necessary that the companies participating in ETS should keep observing new reduction technology trend and the market price of emission credits and analyzing the cost-effectiveness between the direct reduction options and the purchase of emission credits.
∙ Enhancing the external communication
Finally, companies should make efforts to help people recognize them eco-friendly business through consistent communication with external stake holders, for example, by promoting actively their activities to combat climate change. It is also desirable for the companies to share the information on international trend for climate change, emission trading market, GHG reduction technology, external reduction investment, best practices for emission reduction.
RP13-13_SHShim.pdf |
