| 来源类型 | Report |
| 规范类型 | 报告 |
| CSIS Brief: Risk & Resilience: Advancing Food and Nutrition Security in Nigeria through Feed the Future | |
| Julie Howard; Emmy Simmons; Kimberly Flowers | |
| 发表日期 | 2019-02-13 |
| 出版年 | 2019 |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 概述 | This brief is a summary of the report that examines the challenges of implementing the United States Government’s global hunger and food security initiative in the complex political$economic$environmental$and cultural context of Nigeria. |
| 摘要 | THE ISSUE Feed the Future, the United States’ flagship global hunger and food security program, is beginning its second phase in 12 newly-designated target countries with a newly-added strategic objective: strengthening resilience. The changes reflect the evolving nature of the fight against hunger, which is now centered in countries that are confronting multiple risks—climate change, protracted conflicts, economic stresses and shocks, political disruption, and civil unrest. Nigeria, a new target country, serves as a powerful lens for examining these shifts and for identifying the risks and opportunities related to implementing long-term agriculture and nutrition programming in fragile countries. Feed the Future’s model of technical innovation, private sector partnerships, policy change, and capacity building can strengthen food and nutrition security in climate-affected and insecure environments, but a new and deep integration among development, humanitarian, and peace/security strategies and actions will be required. FEED THE FUTURE REORIENTED Working in fragile and less-stable political environments will be a new and challenging step for Feed the Future. With its expertise in agriculture, agribusiness, and nutrition, Feed the Future has much to contribute in partnership with humanitarian and peace/security efforts aimed at more systematically reducing risk and strengthening resilience. At the same time, Feed the Future and its partners will be challenged to work effectively in areas where institutions and governance are weak, and the flexibility and the capacity to adapt to changing conditions are paramount. NIGERIA: GREAT POTENTIAL, GREAT RISKS 1,2 SOURCES OF FRAGILITY Poor governance The dominance of oil. The elusive goal of economic diversification. The risks of climate change. Agricultural productivity [in Nigeria] has been growing steadily since 2000, but the states in which the largest share of the population is involved in agriculture are also the states with the highest rates of rural poverty and stunting. In the northeast region of Nigeria, sporadic outbreaks of deadly violence since 2009 by the Boko Haram armed insurgent group have contributed to the displacement of at least two million people from their farms and livelihoods, the destruction of billions of dollars’ worth of property including houses, livestock, and farm equipment, and a severe loss of economic and social resilience. In the north-central region of the country, or Middle Belt, the practice of nomadic or semi-nomadic livestock production systems in Nigeria has been altered by changes in the onset of the rainy season as well as security threats from insurgents. These new patterns are fostering confrontations between cattle owners and farmers who are intent on expanding the use of arable land for crop production. More than 2,000 people are estimated to have been killed in clashes each year between 2011 and 2016, and the violence is escalating. In the oil-producing areas of southern Nigeria, echoes of the Biafran conflict continue to ring out as rights to revenues from oil and recompense for environmental damage linked to oil are disputed, and reports of kidnapping and piracy on commercial shipping in the Gulf of Guinea off the Nigerian coast persist. Whole populations are directly affected by conflict in each region, but youth may be most affected as their opportunities for education, work, and other elements of a normal life are reduced or eliminated. Food insecurity and hunger EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE Evolving food demands can create jobs and increase incomes. Taking advantage of geographic scale. 10 Capitalizing on visionary leaders at the state level to strengthen governance and drive economic development. Leveraging the growing and underutilized youth population for good. FEED THE FUTURE IN NIGERIA 11 Increasing the Productivity and Competitiveness of Selected Value Chains and Market Systems addresses the objective of reducing poverty. It encompasses the production and market-focused activities with which Feed the Future had substantial success in Phase 1 programs in Nigeria and beyond. The new strategic objective of resilience is at the core of the second component, Enhancing the Capacities of Vulnerable Households and Communities to Respond to Shocks and Stresses. While our analysis indicates that populations in most or all of the designated zones of influence are subject to a range of risks, these programs will focus on areas most affected by conflict (northeast) and climate change (rice-growing riverine areas prone to flooding). Potential linkages with humanitarian initiatives and complementary U.S. assistance, including health care and water and sanitation, remain to be delineated. The third component, Improving Access to and Use of Diverse, Safe, Nutritious, and High-Quality Foods, addresses the objective of improving nutrition. This element of the country strategy is the least developed, perhaps the most challenging, and clearly important, given the very high stunting levels observed across northern Nigeria. The final component, Advancing Country Leadership Through Strengthening of Selected Policy Systems, describes an overarching effort to improve selected policies and governance-related sources of fragility and instability. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Feed the Future is at an inflection point. In order to meet the world’s most critical food security needs, the initiative will need to adapt its successful model to work in new and uncertain environments—unstable, fragile regions affected by climate and conflict. The initial Feed the Future objectives remain salient—reducing poverty through interventions that strengthen agricultural production and markets and improving nutrition by increasing the availability and diversity of foods. However, the newly added objective of strengthening resilience to shocks that can lead to famine and political unrest will require some rethinking of the model. Based on our fieldwork and analysis, we conclude that a muchWe recommend that Feed the Future in Nigeria and globally consider a more ambitious, widespread effort to strengthen resilience across all zones of influence by identifying and proactively addressing risks that call for an integration of humanitarian, development, and peace/security interventions. Feed the Future’s effectiveness in fragile environments will require a much deeper and intentional integration of planning, programming, and implementation with humanitarian and other development programs. 1. Significantly elevate the priority on resilience in Nigeria and globally in Feed the Future programming. In Nigeria, the Feed the Future strategy takes a narrow approach to addressing the resilience strategic objective, focusing on four northeastern states currently affected by conflict. However, our analysis found multiple sources of fragility across the country—weak governance, insufficient economic diversification, malnutrition, a growing jobless youth population, and climate-related stresses and conflicts. Efforts to strengthen resilience across Nigeria now could pay off by averting backsliding toward greater poverty, loss of human capacities due to malnutrition, and even destructive outbreaks of violent conflict. Similar sources of fragility are likely to be identified in other Feed the Future target countries. We suggest that a “resilience lens” is needed to examine the opportunities for Feed the Future more broadly. Significantly more resources should be dedicated to vulnerable regions to build the capacities of people and systems to get ahead of situations that could deteriorate into crisis events if not addressed. 2. Adopt three broad principles that focus on strengthening country capacities and systems to guide Feed the Future programming in Nigeria and other fragile and conflict-affected areas. First, tailor the approach to the realities of the country’s vision and adapt it to local contexts. Nigeria, for example, presents an environment fraught with risks–political, economic, social, and ideological. But it is also a country with a vision for growth; that vision needs to be supplemented with a vision of peace and security. The current humanitarian crisis will not solve itself, but its worst effects can be abated with proactive strategies to address the risks. Second, amplify the voices of effective local leaders and institutions—public and private sector, civil society and academic—and strengthen their roles and capacities to conceive and implement innovative solutions. The government is currently underpowered at all levels; adding other sources of leadership and capabilities will improve national resilience. And third, monitor outcomes of interventions carefully and adapt plans to make the most effective use of resources, facilitate course changes, and ensure that unintended effects do not blunt longer-term efforts to build resilience despite risks. 3. Prioritize programs in six core areas that will strengthen resilience and promote sustainable development in fragile regions. Feed the Future has considerable experience in six core areas that are highly relevant to fragile populations. In each area, there are opportunities for closer integration of Feed the Future expertise with humanitarian assistance and initiatives in other sectors. Improving public sector effectiveness through strengthening data collection, analysis, policy formulation, transparency, and communication at different levels of government and independent research institutions, while implementing leadership and advocacy training for non-profit and other civil society organizations, particularly for young people; Intensifying agriculture and strengthening markets in peri-urban and rural areas where displaced persons are living or returning to, with a focus on fostering livelihood options for young men and women; Engaging the private sector as major partners and investors by reducing the risk for investment; Increasing youth employment throughout the value chain; Improving nutrition for children and women of child- bearing age; and Expanding the use of information and communication technologies as a major tool for increasing information flows and the effectiveness and security of finance, education, and health services. 4. Change the management approach of Feed the Future programs worldwide to support more flexible and adaptive resilience-focused programming that is purposefully integrated with U.S. humanitarian, health, education, and governance programming. To be effective, Feed the Future will have to transition from being a largely stand-alone initiative to one that is more tightly integrated with complementary humanitarian, development and peace/security programs. Programming that is more focused on strengthening local capacities and mobilizing local resources in fragile contexts will also require Feed the Future to adopt a more flexible management approach to respond to issues and options as they arise, including opportunities for new partnerships that could help to adapt programs and scale the impact of Feed the Future activities faster and more sustainably. 5. Harness U.S. diplomatic resources and leadership to expand global attention, resources, and coordination of effort to strengthen resilience in fragile and conflict-affected countries. In Feed the Future’s initial phase, the U.S. Department of State in Washington and U.S. ambassadors were crucial to elevating the importance of global food security at major international meetings including the G8 and G20 and, at the country level, with prime ministers, presidents, and parliamentarians. They also supported host country efforts to convene and coordinate efforts of bilateral, multilateral, and private sector actors. Feed the Future was a critically important manifestation of U.S. leadership following the 2007/8 global food price crisis at a time when low-income countries were reeling from food shortages, urban rioting, and political instability. At this important turning point for Feed the Future, building on its strengths and the critical convening power of the United States, leadership is again required. It is imperative for the United States to focus scarce development assistance resources on the areas of greatest need and growing concern to U.S. and global security. It has become more challenging to secure international funding to meet expanding humanitarian assistance needs, particularly as conflicts, their aftermaths, and impacts on populations persist for years. U.S. leadership must draw together host country governments, bilateral and multilateral agencies, the private sector, and civil society for an expanded, coordinated effort to pro-actively strengthen resilience to hunger, malnutrition, and poverty in Nigeria and among the world’s most at-risk populations. This policy brief summarizes key findings and implications of a CSIS research study, Risk and Resilience: Advancing Food and Nutrition Security in Nigeria through Feed the Future, which is available at www.csis.org/programs/global-food-security-project. Julie Howard and Emmy Simmons are non-resident senior advisers for the Global Food Security Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Kimberly Flowers is the director of the Global Food Security Project and the Humanitarian Agenda at CSIS. The authors would like to thank research intern Eilish Zembilci, former research intern Hailey Dougherty, and program manager Gillian Locke for their contributions to developing this policy brief and support for the research project. This brief was made possible through the generous support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://www g/ https://www om/2018/06/26/africa/nigeria-over Unemployment/Underemployment Report, Q4 2016 Expanding Employment and Entrepreneurship Opportunities for Young Women and Men in Nigeria’s Agrifood Sector: Prospects and Challenges Journal of Human Ecology 35 https://www esearchgate.net/publication/263227672_Effect_of_Climate_ Fragility and Climate Risks in Nigeria Maximizing Agricultural Revenue and Key Enterprises In Targeted Sites II https://www.chemonics.c ontent/ Nigeria Nutrition Profile www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/Nigeria-Nutrition-Pro- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270351/. 10 Nigeria Biannual Economic Update: Connecting to Compete http://documents.worldbank.org/ 11 |
| URL | https://www.csis.org/analysis/csis-brief-risk-resilience-advancing-food-and-nutrition-security-nigeria-through-feed |
| 来源智库 | Center for Strategic and International Studies (United States) |
| 资源类型 | 智库出版物 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.153/handle/2XGU8XDN/328037 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Julie Howard,Emmy Simmons,Kimberly Flowers. CSIS Brief: Risk & Resilience: Advancing Food and Nutrition Security in Nigeria through Feed the Future. 2019. |
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| 190212_NigeriaResili（764KB） | 智库出版物 | 限制开放 | CC BY-NC-SA | 浏览 | ||
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