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This collection seeks to advance our understanding of intra-Islamic identity conflict in the Middle East. Instead of treating distinctions between and within Sunni and Shia Islam as primordial and immutable, it examines how political economy, geopolitics, domestic governance, social media, non- and sub-state groups, and clerical elites have affected the transformation and diffusion of sectarian identities. 

Particular attention is paid to how conflicts over distribution of political and economic power have taken on a sectarian quality, and how a variety of actors have instrumentalised sectarianism. The volume, covering Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf, Iran, and Egypt, includes contributors from a broad array of disciplines including political science, history, sociology, and Islamic studies.

Beyond Sunni and Shia draws on extensive fieldwork and primary sources to offer insights that are empirically rich and theoretically grounded, but also accessible for policy audiences and the informed public.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Frederic Wehrey

1. Beyond Sectarianism in the Middle East? Comparative Perspectives on Group Conflict
   Paul Dixon

PART I: THE GEOPOLITICS OF SECTARIANISM

2. The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context
   Hassan Hassan
3. The Sectarianization of the Syrian War
   Heiko Wimmen
4. Sectarianism and Iranian Foreign Policy
   Afshon Ostovar

PART II: INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES OF SECTARIANISM

5. Shia-centric State-building in Post-2003 Iraq
   Fanar Haddad
6. The Unraveling of Taif: The Limits of Sect-based Power-sharing in Lebanon
   Joseph Bahout
7. Twitter Wars: Sunni-Shia Conflict and Cooperation in the Digital Age
   Alexandra Siegel
8. The Political Economy of Sectarianism: How Gulf Regimes Exploit Identity Politics as a Survival Strategy
   Justin Gengler
9. The Roots of Sectarian Law and Order in the Gulf: Bahrain, the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, and the Two Historical Disruptions
   Staci Strobl

PART III: DOCTRINAL AND CLERICAL SOURCES OF SECTARIANISM

10. The Kingdom and the Caliphate: Saudi Arabia and the Islamic State
    Cole Bunzel
11. Sectarianism and Political Pragmatism: The Paradox of Egypt’s al-Nour Salafis
    Stéphane Lacroix
12. Religious Authority and Sectarianism in Lebanon
    Alexander D.M. Henley

This research was made possible through a generous grant from the Henry Luce Foundation.