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Zepeda argues that while trade liberalization, the enactment of NAFTA, the promotion of export-oriented factories did create some jobs, the overall economic strategy had only weak labor results in general and specifically failed to increase unskilled workers’ earnings. Zepeda urges the rejection of a singular reliance on free market forces to create employment and improve income distribution.  Instead, he recommends adopting employment-based development strategies as the viable alternative to generate pro-poor growth.