Gateway to Think Tanks
来源类型 | Research Paper |
规范类型 | 工作论文 |
China Global Security Tracker, No.5 | |
Helena Legarda | |
发表日期 | 2019-08-01 |
出版年 | 2019 |
语种 | 英语 |
概述 | \u003cp style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePresenting China as a \u0027responsible power\u0027 – Beijing releases first major defense white paper in four years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e |
摘要 | \u003ch3 style=\u0022text-align: left;\u0022\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHighlights\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNew defense white paper.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e China released its new white paper on \u0026ldquo;China\u0026rsquo;s National Defense in the New Era\u0026rdquo; on July 24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMilitary budget to increase by 7.5 percent in 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This year\u0026rsquo;s National People\u0026rsquo;s Congress, held in March, approved a CNY 1.2 trillion defense budget.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUS, France, Canada sail through Taiwan Strait, angering China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Despite already tense relations between Washington and Beijing, the US Navy sailed through the sensitive waterway once a month on average.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWestern researchers worked with Chinese military scientists on AI.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Media reports revealed that staff from Microsoft collaborated with China\u0026rsquo;s National University of Defense Technology (NUDT).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMixed results for China\u0026rsquo;s extradition requests.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e In early June, Spain extradited 94 Taiwanese suspects to China. At the other end of the spectrum, the New Zealand Court of Appeals ruled against the extradition of a Korean living in New Zealand.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChina\u0026rsquo;s first major defense white paper in four years was published on July 24. While much of its content is familiar from previous white papers, the line taken on the United States and Taiwan is markedly more aggressive, and the political message it sends to both the domestic and the international audience is clear \u0026ndash; a strong reminder that the People\u0026rsquo;s Liberation Army (PLA) is the army of the Communist Party and ideology is key, and that China is a responsible power.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReleased by China\u0026rsquo;s Ministry of National Defense the white paper, titled \u0026ldquo;China\u0026rsquo;s National Defense in the New Era,\u0026rdquo; is the first major defense policy paper to be issued during Xi Jinping\u0026rsquo;s second term in office and is more comprehensive than earlier versions. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn terms of China\u0026rsquo;s military strategy and the PLA strategic tasks, the paper mostly reiterates what was included in previous white papers and official statements. China claims to remain committed to the strategic concept of \u0026ldquo;active defense\u0026rdquo;, to the no-first-use of nuclear weapons and to building a world-class military that can fight and win wars by 2049 and that is commensurate with China\u0026rsquo;s international standing. The paper also assesses that, although the country faces difficult challenges, China is still in the middle of an important period of strategic opportunity for development. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrom the title of the paper to the actual content, this white paper clearly reflects Xi Jinping\u0026rsquo;s policy priorities, strategy and global ambitions, and it is entirely consistent with his statement at the 19\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Party Congress in 2017. There is the repeated emphasis on the fact that the PLA is the army of the Communist Party, which has been a main theme of Xi\u0026rsquo;s policies, and that, therefore, political loyalty in the military is paramount.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThree broader issues stand out in this 2019 defense white paper:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStronger language on Taiwan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhereas previous white papers devoted only a few lines to Taiwan, this new issue is noticeably more aggressive, sending a clear warning signal to the Taiwanese population that force will be used, if necessary, to achieve China\u0026rsquo;s goals. With presidential elections coming up in 2020, it reflects the increased sense of urgency in Beijing to solve the issue of reunification. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\u0022margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;\u0022\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe 2015 white paper on China\u0026rsquo;s Military Strategy only devoted three lines to this issue, mentioning that \u0026ldquo;reunification is an inevitable trend in the course of national rejuvenation\u0026rdquo; and criticizing \u0026ldquo;Taiwan independence separatist forces.\u0026rdquo; This new paper delves deeper into the issue, openly criticizing the Taiwanese government and the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) of President Tsai Ing-wen for \u0026ldquo;stubbornly sticking to Taiwan independence,\u0026rdquo; intensifying hostilities and \u0026ldquo;borrowing the strength of foreign influence.\u0026rdquo; It not only reiterates China\u0026rsquo;s claim that complete reunification is essential to realizing national rejuvenation, it also refuses once more to renounce the use of force in pursuing this goal and openly admits that the recent series of drills and training exercises around the island of Taiwan \u0026ndash; 20 or so since early 2018 \u0026ndash; are meant to \u0026ldquo;send a stern warning to the Taiwan independence separatist forces.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNot-so-subtle criticism of the United States\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSome of the white paper\u0026rsquo;s strongest language is reserved for the role of the United States in the current international security situation. The international security system and order, China claims, are undermined by \u0026ldquo;growing hegemonism, power politics, unilateralism and constant regional conflicts and wars.\u0026rdquo; This, the paper implies, is to a large extent Washington\u0026rsquo;s doing. The US is accused of double standards on the issue of non-proliferation, and of undermining the strategic balance in the region through the deployment of the THAAD missile defense system in South Korea. Furthermore, the white paper calls out the United States\u0026rsquo; \u0026ldquo;wrong practices and provocative activities\u0026rdquo; regarding a host of issues, including arms sales to Taiwan, sanctions on the CMC Equipment Development Department and \u0026ldquo;illegal entry\u0026rdquo; into China\u0026rsquo;s territorial waters and air spaces near \u0026ldquo;relevant islands and reefs\u0026rdquo; \u0026ndash; a clear reference to the South China Sea. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis critique of the United States\u0026rsquo; policies and presence in the Asia-Pacific can be read as a response to the latest US National Security Strategy from 2017 and National Defense Strategy from 2018, which named China a \u0026ldquo;strategic competitor\u0026rdquo; and criticized Beijing for undermining the international order from within. Beijing clearly intends with this white paper to present a different narrative, showing the United States as the destabilizing power. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis narrative also allows Beijing to continue to promote Xi Jinping\u0026rsquo;s concept of a \u0026ldquo;community with a shared future for mankind\u0026rdquo; as the solution to global challenges. Claiming that this concept reflects \u0026ldquo;the common aspirations of all peoples throughout the world\u0026rdquo;, the paper commits the PLA to fulfilling the international obligations of a major power and working towards global peace, stability and prosperity. The PLA will also \u0026ldquo;actively participate in the reform of the global security governance system,\u0026rdquo; it claims.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIntended for an international audience\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe overall intention of this white paper is clear \u0026ndash; to signal to the outside world that China and its armed forces are responsible, engaged members of the international community, especially in contrast with the United States under President Trump.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrom the very beginning it makes clear that the target audience for this document is the international community, rather than domestic audiences, opening with the sentence: \u0026ldquo;The Chinese government is issuing \u003cem\u003eChina\u0026rsquo;s National Defense in the New Era\u003c/em\u003e [\u0026hellip;] with a view to helping the international community better understand China\u0026rsquo;s national defense.\u0026rdquo; This helps explain the length and level of detail in the document, which clearly strives to give an impression of transparency to international audiences regarding China\u0026rsquo;s defense policies and the PLA. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAs such, the paper contains entire sections, as well as appendices for the first time, on issues that are of interest or concern to international China watchers and decision makers and that help support China\u0026rsquo;s statements that the PLA remains committed to a defensive national defense policy and to developing constructive relations with foreign militaries in order to safeguard world peace. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe paper, for example, describes China\u0026rsquo;s recent military reforms at length, and also provides more information on its defense budgets since 2012. Additionally, a series of tables in the appendix list the major multilateral treaties on both arms control and counterterrorism that China has joined, as well as major joint exercises by the PLA and foreign militaries, and major security dialogues that the PLA participates in. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a key foreign policy concept of Xi Jinping\u0026rsquo;s, is notably absent from this white paper, possibly as a response to the growing international backlash against this initiative.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOverall, while this white paper does not outline any major changes to China\u0026rsquo;s defense policies or strategy, it helps China signal its red lines on a number of issues, from Taiwan to the South China Sea, and sends a clear political message to the international community. Xi Jinping\u0026rsquo;s goals for the PLA are clearly here to stay and we should expect continued efforts to complete modernization of the military by 2035 and fully transform the PLA into a world-class force that can fight and win wards by 2049. Therefore, over the next few years we are likely to see a PLA that is increasingly active and assertive overseas and, as a result, friction with the United States and other powers \u0026ndash; particularly in the Asia-Pacific \u0026ndash; will continue to rise. Beijing\u0026rsquo;s aggressive tone on several issues, especially around its \u0026ldquo;core interests\u0026rdquo;, meanwhile, will continue to throw into question China\u0026rsquo;s claims that it is a force for world peace and stability.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 style=\u0022margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;\u0022\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDomestic developments\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eForeign and security policy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXi Jinping delivers first major speech on Taiwan.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e On January 2, in a speech marking the 40\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e anniversary of China\u0026rsquo;s \u0026lsquo;Message to Compatriots in Taiwan\u0026rsquo;, Xi Jinping outlined his policy towards Taiwan. Xi defended \u0026ldquo;one country, two systems\u0026rdquo; as the way to resolve cross-strait conflicts and emphasized that reunification is key to \u0026ldquo;national rejuvenation\u0026rdquo;, signaling his determination not to pass this issue on to next generations. Xi was also clear that China does not renounce the use of force in order to achieve reunification. Although no explicit timeline for reunification was set, the connection Xi has drawn between national rejuvenation and reunification suggests that steps must be taken by 2049. Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen responded by emphasizing that Taiwan will never accept the one country, two systems solution.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMilitary budget to increase by 7.5 percent in 2019. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis year\u0026rsquo;s National People\u0026rsquo;s Congress, held in March, approved a 1.2 trillion CNY defense budget \u0026ndash; a 7.5 percent increase year-on-year. This follows 25 years of continuous defense budget increases, although the pace of growth is slowing. The government work report, as well as Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi\u0026rsquo;s press conference, reiterated Xi Jinping\u0026rsquo;s foreign and security policy priorities, including building a strong military loyal to the Party, \u003cbr /\u003e\n defending multilateralism and building a \u0026lsquo;human community with a shared destiny\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXi proposes building a \u0026lsquo;maritime community with shared destiny\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e An extension of Xi\u0026rsquo;s concept of a \u0026lsquo;human community with shared destiny\u0026rsquo;, Xi proposed this adapted concept at a meeting with the heads of the foreign delegations that attended the naval events marking the 70\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e anniversary of the People\u0026rsquo;s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in April. According to Xi, the idea of the maritime community is that \u0026ldquo;all countries should consult as equals, improve the mechanism for communication in face of crises, strengthen regional security cooperation, and promote the proper solution to maritime disputes.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eForce development and capabilities\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeople\u0026rsquo;s Liberation Army (PLA) outlines military priorities for 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e In a New Year\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003ePLA Daily\u003c/em\u003e editorial, the Chinese military described its \u0026lsquo;work focus\u0026rsquo; for this year. Main priorities include strengthening training and preparation to prepare for combat, continuing to implement military reform plans, promoting reform and innovation, and party building.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCombat readiness remains a top priority.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e At a Central Military Commission meeting held in Beijing on January 4, Xi Jinping once more ordered the armed forces at all levels to focus on enhancing their combat readiness and asked that they improve their capability to conduct joint operations and their military training under combat conditions. This was followed by the release of a new regulation on the supervision of military training, which came into effect on March 1. The new rules aim to standardize and improve training inspections in order to ensure that all PLA units focus on combat capabilities. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePurged PLA general sentenced to life in prison.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Fang Fenghui, former head of the PLA Joint Staff Department and former member of the CMC, was sentenced in February to life in jail for bribery. Fang was first detained in August 2017, along with fellow CMC member Zhang Yang, who later took his own life. In October 2018, Fang was stripped of rank and party membership. According to some media reports, Fang\u0026rsquo;s conviction also led to the demotion of over 70 senior PLA officers who were accused of participating in Fang\u0026rsquo;s corrupt activities. This is only the latest case in the sweeping anti-corruption campaign inside the PLA. According to official figures, between 2012 and 2017 over 13,000 officers were punished for corruption-related offenses.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarine corps expands, gets upgraded.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Official Chinese media confirmed in April that the PLA Navy has significantly expanded its marine corps and has turned it into a unit of its own, although it did not reveal the size of the new unit. This is a response to China\u0026rsquo;s growing need to develop capable amphibious operations. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePLA Navy celebrates its 70\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e anniversary.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e On April 23 the PLAN celebrated its 70\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e anniversary with a multinational celebration, including symposiums, a naval fleet review and other exchanges. About a dozen countries, including Australia, India, Russia, South Korea and Japan, sent warships to participate in the parade, which took place in the Yellow Sea off Shandong province.\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePLA unveils new equipment and capabilities:\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe PLA Navy displayed the first of its new generation of guided missile destroyers, the Type 055, during the naval parade to celebrate its 70\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e anniversary.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e The destroyer Nanchang was launched two years ago and is about to complete sea trials, it is expected to be commissioned later in 2019. The Navy also launched two more Type 052D destroyers, bringing the total number in service to 20, as well as the eighth Type 071 amphibious assault ship. Meanwhile, China\u0026rsquo;s aircraft carrier program continues its rapid progress. China\u0026rsquo;s first domestically-made aircraft carrier \u0026ndash; the Type 001A \u0026ndash; went on its fifth sea trial from February 27 to March 5 and is apparently on track to enter into service in late 2019. It was not all good news for China\u0026rsquo;s navy, however. On March 12, a PLAN fighter jet crashed during a training mission in Hainan province, killing both pilots.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe PLA Rocket Force (PLARF) confirmed in January that it has deployed its DF-26 \u0026lsquo;Guam killer\u0026rsquo; intermediate-range ballistic missile to Northwest China, releasing footage of the missiles in action during an exercise shortly after.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e In another rare display of transparency, the PLARF also showcased ten DF-21 anti-ship ballistic missiles in a promotional \u003cbr /\u003e\n video released in May. These moves are a clear signal to the United States about China\u0026rsquo;s growing capabilities and its ability to place US assets in the Asia-Pacific at risk. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevelopments in civil-military integration (CMI):\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWestern researchers worked with Chinese military scientists on AI.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Media reports revealed that staff from Microsoft have worked with China\u0026rsquo;s National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) on AI. Academics from Microsoft and the NUDT, which is directly controlled by the Central Military Commission (CMC), reportedly published joint papers on technologies that may end up being used for surveillance and censorship, assisting the Party and the PLA.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChina practices amphibious landings with civil-military drill.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e From May 29 to June 3, PLA Navy and civilian ships conducted a joint civil-military cross-sea transport drill in the Yellow Sea, carrying troops and armored vehicles. Such civil-military cooperation would help the PLAN overcome the operational barriers created by its limited number of landing ships. This is of particular significance for Taiwan and the South China Sea, as these two areas would be the most likely targets of a potential amphibious landing mission. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChina\u0026rsquo;s successes and setbacks in arms trade:\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChinese UAVs used in Libya conflict.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e A group of UN experts found that Chinese-made missiles and drones were most likely used during the April air strikes in Tripoli, which killed over 200 people. The group identified Wing Loong UAV variants as the most likely drones that were used by the Libyan National Army. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRussia completes delivery of Su-35 fighter jets to China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e In April, Moscow confirmed that it had delivered the last of the 24 Sukhoi Su-35s that China ordered in 2015 under a USD 2.5 billion deal. These fourth-generation aircraft are destined for service in the PLA Air Force, and the first batch entered into service in April 2018. Media reports also suggest that Russia may now be considering pitching its fifth-generation Su-57 jets to China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChina to receive second regimental set of Russia\u0026rsquo;s S-400 air defense system.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e According to Russian media, China will receive the second set of the S-400 system in the second half of 2019. In preparation for this, 100 servicemen from the PLARF reportedly received training in Russia on the operation and combat uses of the system. China was the first foreign customer of the S-400 Triumf. It received the first regimental set in the spring of 2018 under a USD 3 billion contract signed in 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSecurity diplomacy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDefense diplomacy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-level meetings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCMC members meet high-ranking foreign defense officials.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Between January and June, CMC members met with officials from over 30 countries, both in Beijing and abroad. Most of these countries are located along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), especially in Southeast and Central Asia. Minister of Defense and CMC member Wei Fenghe took the majority of these meetings, meant to strengthen bilateral relations and emphasize the PLA\u0026rsquo;s international role.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDefense Minister attends international meetings and conferences.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e China\u0026rsquo;s Minister of Defense Wei Fenghe led the delegations to the 8\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Moscow Conference on International Security, the 16\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Defense Ministers\u0026rsquo; Meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the IISS-organized Shangri-La Dialogue. In all of these meetings, Wei stressed that China is committed to taking on international responsibilities and maintaining global peace and stability. In implied jabs at the US, he also repeated that China opposes unilateralism, zero-sum games and power politics. Wei struck a more assertive tone at the Shangri-La Dialogue, held in Singapore in June, where he spoke strongly on the issues of Taiwan and the South China Sea, accusing the US of interfering in China\u0026rsquo;s internal affairs and destabilizing the region.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChina to hold first China-Africa peace and security forum.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e China\u0026rsquo;s Ministry of Defense announced in June that the first China-Africa peace and security forum will be held in Beijing from July 14 to 20. Officials from a number of African countries and the African Union were invited to discuss the construction of a \u0026lsquo;China-Africa community with a shared destiny\u0026rsquo;, among other issues. These forums give Beijing an opportunity to spread its own security narratives and priorities. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","className":"richtext reading--content font-secondary"}), document.getElementById("react_s4dLLY4cG02Y6GeHuio2YQ"))}); |
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