全球智库信息集成服务系统

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Download the executive summary (pdf)

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About the Blue Skies project

The Blue Skies project is a collaborative research initiative that works to help make aviation safe, affordable, secure, and clean. The project provides in depth legal, political, and economic research on issues that vitally affect the aviation sector. Through this research and outreach to key stakeholders, the project seeks to build consensus and positive collaboration.

Our first report, a collaboration between Climate Advisers and the Center for American Progress, seeks to create common understanding of the economic consequences of one of the most controversial aviation emissions policies currently under consideration, the inclusion of aviation in the European Union Emissions Trading System. This report is analytical and does not attempt to advocate for a specific policy or set of policies.

For more information on the Blue Skies project or this report, please contact Samuel Grausz of Climate Advisers by phone at (206-851-6156) or by email at grausz@ climateadvisers.com, and Rebecca Lefton of the Center for American Progress by phone at (202-478-5323) or by email at rlefton@americanprogress.org.

Introduction and summary

The European Union’s decision to include the aviation sector in its Emissions Trading System as of January 1, 2012, sparked considerable ire across the world. The new policy, an expansion of the European Union’s existing greenhouse gas cap-and- trade system, seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from one of the fastest-growing sources of emissions—the aviation industry. The new policy will require airlines to obtain permits for each ton of greenhouse gas emissions produced by all of their flights departing from or arriving in the European Union and other participating states.

Most controversially, the policy includes all airlines—not just EU airlines—and all emissions over the entire flight path, including outside EU airspace. Airlines based inside and outside of the European Union, as well as some countries where these non-EU airlines are based, allege that the policy is illegal and will result in substantial increases in costs and ticket prices, resulting in a decline in demand for air travel. The European Union counters that the policy is well within its rights and will have minimal adverse impacts on the aviation sector.

Scholars around the world have attempted to weigh in on these questions, but until now no consensus has emerged among the experts. This report attempts to clarify the economic impacts of the European Union’s actions by synthesizing and summarizing available economic studies. Altogether, we looked at 37 studies to produce this report. Our review shows that the existing literature makes the following findings:

• In the near term, the EU aviation policy will increase airline profits because carriers are likely to be overcompensated by aspects of the policy designed to reduce the cost for airlines of complying with the new rules.
• EU airlines will profit more than non-EU airlines because EU airlines have more flights covered by the new policy, even though the policy itself is not overtly protectionist.
• Traditional so-called “network” airlines—those that use a traditional hub-andspoke system for scheduling flights—will receive a larger increase in profits than low-cost airlines that operate mostly within the European Union because network airlines have more operations covered by the policy and because the demand for network airline flights is less responsive to changes in price.
• Some airlines may continue to oppose the EU aviation policy for other reasons, enumerated toward the end of this report.

The findings presented here necessarily rely most heavily on a limited number of studies (16 of the 37 papers reviewed) that model policies similar to the actual EU emissions policy being implemented and that provide sufficiently detailed results with respect to profits and other key metrics. In the interest of improving certainty about the consequences of this policy, the report describes how future studies could provide more clear and useful results.

Samuel Grausz is an associate at Climate Advisers and manages its energy practice. Nigel Purvis is the founder and president of Climate Advisers. Rebecca Lefton is a Policy Analyst focusing on international climate and energy policy at the Center for American Progress.

Download the report (pdf)

Download the executive summary (pdf)

Read the report in your web browser (Scribd)