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There is growing consensus among international trade negotiators and policymakers that a prime area for future multilateral discussion is competition policy. Competition policy includes antitrust policy (including merger regulation and control) but is often extended to include international trade measures and other policies that affect the structure, conduct, and performance of individual industries. This study includes country studies of competition policy in Western Europe, North America, and the Far East (with a focus on Japan) in the light of increasingly globalized activities of business firms. Areas where there are major differences in philosophy, policy, or practice are identified, with emphasis on those differences that could lead to economic costs and international friction. Alternatives for eliminating these costs and frictions are discussed, including unilateral policy changes, bilateral or multilateral harmonization of policies, and creation of new international regimes to supplement or replace national or regional regimes. A succinct monograph Competition Policies for the Global Economy outlining major conclusions and proposals has been released along with this more comprehensive volume.

Preface

Acknowledgments

I. Introduction

1. Issue Overview

II. Country Studies

2. Canada

3. France: 1987-94

4. Germany

5. The Antimonopoly Law of Japan

6. United Kingdom

7. United States

8. Competition Policy and Trade Policy in the European Union

III. Issue Studies

9. Competition in Japan and the West: Can the Approaches be Reconciled?

10. US and EU Competition Law: A Comparison

11. Harmonizing Antitrust: The Less Effective Way to Promote Intellectual Competition

12. Australia and New Zealand

13 Using Antitrust Principals to Reform Antidumping Law

14. Formal and Informal Measures for Controlling Competition in Japan: Institutional Overview and Theoretical Evaluation

15. VERs, VIEs, and Global Competition

16. Keiretsu, Competition, and Market Access

IV. Conclusions

17. Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Index