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Land assets have become an important source of financing capital investments by subnational governments in developing countries. Land sales, often with billions of dollars per transaction, rival and sometimes surpass subnational borrowing or fiscal transfers for capital spending. However, the use of land-based revenues for financing infrastructure can entail substantial fiscal risks and requires development of ex ante prudential rules for land financing comparable to those governing borrowing. This paper is part of a larger effort at the World Bank to develop knowledge products on subnational finance and fiscal reforms.