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Reforming the way our nation's schools prepare students for careers and college is at the top of the policy agenda. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) contained substantial funding for systemic education reform. In 2010, eleven states and the District of Columbia received $4.35 billion in Race to the Top (RTT) grants based both on their education reform plans and their past success in creating conditions for reform. States also received $3 billion in additional ARRA funding for School Improvement Grants (SIG), which support implementation of school turnaround models in the lowest-performing schools. In 2012, nine states received $520 million in Race to the Top—Early Learning Challenge (RTT-ELC) grants to develop and implement systems that rate early childhood education programs on their quality and help them improve. These systems are known as tiered quality rating and improvement systems (TQRIS).