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School Context Matters in Selecting a Principal

• Making the correct match between a candidate and a vacancy and supporting the new principal during the transition period can greatly affect the ability of a school to perform to its highest potential.
• A successful match depends both on the principal's capabilities and on how he or she is able to function within the school's context.

Early Career Support Can Reduce Turnover

• Making certain that there are resources readily available to principals when they first start out at a school may make the difference between their staying or leaving soon after being hired.
• A high-quality evaluation system can play a key role in helping principals improve their own performance and in helping central office staff make informed decisions about principals' career paths.

Autonomy Can Provide Incentives for Principals, but Should Be Considered Carefully

• The "right" level of autonomy will vary by district and possibly by school or principal.
• Three key issues that districts should consider in making this decision are principal capacity, district efficiency, and principal expertise.

Principals can influence student achievement in a number of ways — monitoring instruction; evaluating teachers; hiring, developing, and retaining school staff; maintaining student discipline; managing the school budget; establishing a school culture; and engaging with the community. While principals' skills in these areas are important, skills alone are not enough to ensure that they will be effective school leaders. This is because school and district contexts — which include school and district characteristics, practices, and policies — set the stage for principals' performance and strongly influence their effectiveness. In this report, RAND researchers provide guidance to state and district decisionmakers and others who manage school systems, focusing on four areas that research has identified as particularly influential in supporting principal effectiveness: placement in the school, evaluation, autonomy, and resources. We highlight how actions in these areas can create conditions in the school and district that foster principal success.

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