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Many Army organizations are concerned with part and process quality

• While several Army organizations are responsible for varying aspects of part and maintenance quality, only limited information, focused on the number of Product Quality Deficiency Reports (PQDRs) and how long they are open, is communicated to Army Materiel Command leadership. The current process does not provide the depth of information needed to make strategic decisions and monitor the progress of corrective actions regarding top cost drivers.
• PQDRs focus on manufacturing issues, while other issues, such as maintenance practices, part design flaws, training gaps, etc., are not addressed. For these reasons, the Army manually examines logbook narratives to identify parts that are being affected by these other types of quality issues. This manual process requires significant resources that could be redirected to determine the root cause of an identified part issue.

The Army lacks an enterprise-level view of cost of quality

• Currently, Army Materiel Command leadership has limited visibility of emerging or existing part or process quality problems that could lead to diminished readiness and increased costs. Often, problems are brought to the attention of leadership only after they have generated or are about to generate substantial costs.
• There are multiple potential sources for poor part quality, including depot repair, inadequate test equipment in the field, defective manufacturing, poor design, etc.
• The true cost of poor quality may be underestimated if only the cost of the part is considered. Looking at total system costs will increase the Army's opportunities improve part reliability and reduce costs.

Significant cost avoidance is achievable through early detection and improved root cause analysis

• The Army does not have a systematic process to identify the source of poor part quality. Using the method presented in this research report can provide the Army with early detection and starting point for root cause analysis.

This research report demonstrates how the Army can use readily available demand and end item maintenance history to identify potential issues with repair part or process quality and estimate their associated incremental costs.

The Army relies on Product Quality Deficiency Reports and subject matter experts from various organizations to monitor and react to repair part quality problems. Because of the high number of weapon systems, suppliers, and parts, the current approach tends to focus either on very expensive parts, such as transmissions, rotor blades, and engines, or on safety-critical items. However, there are other costs associated with a reduction in the reliability of a part, including the cost to remove, repair, and reinstall the part; the system down-time created by the failure and repair cycle; additional inventory to replace the faulty part; and any disposal costs. If the frequency of failure is great enough, then even a less-expensive item, in terms of procurement cost, could become an important cost driver.

This study presents a novel application of the Crow-AMSAA statistical model, which is commonly used in reliability engineering, and applies the model's power to detect trends in part usage rates. The approach analyzes thousands of parts, detecting trends and identifying parts for further analysis based on the estimated total system cost of poor quality, allowing the Army to focus on high-marginal-cost items regardless of a part's unit price.

A case study using the UH-60M Black Hawk demonstrates the potential for the new approach.

• Chapter One

  Introduction: Managing the Cost of Poor Quality

• Chapter Two

  How Does the Army Currently Monitor Part Quality Problems?

• Chapter Three

  Estimating the Cost of Quality

• Chapter Four

  Methods for Identifying Parts and Estimating the Cost of Quality

• Chapter Five

  UH-60M Case Study Results

• Chapter Six

  Observations and Recommendations

• Appendix A

  Crow-AMSAA Method

• Appendix B

  Clustering Like Parts