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Cyber threats are a growing concern for Olympic planners, and past games hold valuable lessons for Tokyo 2020

• The increasing dependence on technology and a proliferation of adversary tools to exploit vulnerabilities in systems and networks make the Olympic Games a target-rich environment for cyberattackers.
• The consequences of a cyberattack on the Olympic Games include financial losses, physical harm to participants and attendees, property damage, the compromise of personal information, and damage to the host country's reputation.
• There have been no successful large-scale, high-impact attacks on prior Olympic Games; experiences from these and other international events offer potential lessons for Tokyo 2020 planners.
• A key characteristic of past Olympic cybersecurity planning efforts has been coordination and collaboration among a range of stakeholders, including the private sector.

Understanding Japan's cybersecurity threat landscape will help planners mitigate threats

• The typology of threat actors revealed six types of actors with the potential to pose a risk to the Tokyo 2020 games: cyber criminals, insider threats, foreign intelligence services, hacktivists, cyberterrorists, and ticket scalpers.
• Motivations vary with the type of actor, but a streamlined classification of profit, ideology, and revenge captures the motivations for most attacks.
• Foreign intelligence services and other state-sponsored attackers rank at the top in terms of sophistication and level of risk to the games.
• The risk analysis methods and threat actor typology developed for Tokyo 2020 offer a valuable basis for future research to support the cybersecurity goals of other high-profile international events.

The Olympic Games are a target-rich environment for cyberattackers, drawing athletes, attendees, and media coverage from around the world. Japan's vision to become the most advanced urban technology metropolis in the world underpinned its bid to host the 2020 Olympics, but an increasing dependence on technology with each successive Olympic Games signals a shift toward an unpredictable, complex, and contested cyber threat environment. More than ever, security planners must consider the cybersecurity threat landscape if they are to effectively mitigate threats, apportion limited resources, and host a resilient, safe, and secure Olympic Games.

To support the security goals of Tokyo 2020, this report characterizes the cybersecurity threats that are likely to pose a risk to the games and presents a series of policy options to guide planners and other stakeholders in addressing them. The analysis involved a risk assessment synthesizing qualitative and quantitative data on the threat landscape and lessons from prior Olympic Games. Underlying the risk assessment is a threat actor typology — a classification and ranking of a range of threats to the security of the games. A key contribution of this research is a visualization of this threat actor typology that provides an at-a-glance overview to guide Olympic security planners, computer emergency response teams, and policy- and decisionmakers as they prioritize and address cybersecurity threats in the lead-up to Tokyo 2020.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Policy Context

• Chapter Three

  The Cybersecurity Threat Landscape in Japan

• Chapter Four

  Lessons from Prior Olympic Games

• Chapter Five

  A Risk Assessment of Japan's Cybersecurity Landscape

• Chapter Six

  Conclusions and Policy Options

• Appendix A

  Methods

• Appendix B

  Interview Protocol

• Appendix C

  JPCERT/CC Incident Categories