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Syrian migrants in all three countries

• Many Syrians are working or are willing to work, but many cannot find work.
• There are geographical mismatches between where Syrians are concentrated and where job growth is.
• Few Syrians have work permits, and pathways to formal employment are limited.
• Vocational training programs have not been well coordinated with job placement, market needs, or Syrians' skills.
• Informal employment is being permitted by governments by not enforcing work requirements strictly.
• Many host country workers resent Syrian migrants being in the labor force but also express compassion for their circumstances.
• Firms noted opportunities for Syrians particularly in middle-skill jobs in manufacturing.

Syrian migrants in Turkey

• The lack of Turkish language skills is a prominent barrier to refugee employment.
• Syrians are active entrepreneurs and have been finding ways to get by.
• Syrians face difficulty having their education and professional certifications recognized.

Syrian migrants in Jordan

• Structural economic problems and the ensuing economic slowdown were exacerbated by the arrival of refugees.
• Syrian refugees can work in limited sectors and occupations and are shut out from setting up businesses where they would have an advantage.
• Syrians are seen as hardworking.

Syrian migrants in Lebanon

• As with Jordan, structural economic problems and the ensuing economic slowdown were exacerbated by the arrival of refugees.
• Public works and infrastructure projects are seen as way to create jobs for both Lebanese and Syrians.
• There are deep suspicions about Syrian workers, and a large discrepancy exists between perceptions and realities of the refugee situation.

The Syrian Civil War has displaced 60 percent of the country's population. Six million refugees live in neighboring countries in the Middle East. Such a large refugee influx has been a severe strain to these countries' labor markets, public services, and social cohesion. This RAND report examines the problems of and opportunities for the labor market for displaced Syrians in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. The authors used multiple methods: interviews with stakeholders, focus groups with Syrian and host country workers, in-depth interviews with firms, and surveys of firms and Syrian households.

The existing skill sets of the Syrians are compared to the needs of each country's labor market; and the steps needed to improve the overall economic climate and strategies for preserving and improving social cohesion of refugees and host communities are examined. Each country has its specific challenges. For example, in Turkey a key barrier for the refugees was the ability to speak the language. In Jordan and Lebanon, the existing economic slowdowns and lack of jobs were exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. Working legally was a challenge in all countries. The authors conclude with recommendations tailored to each country. Some of these include offering language classes (in the case of Turkey); assessing geographic areas where jobs are needed and enabling migrants to move to these regions; improving each country's worker certification process so that qualified migrants can get jobs within their area of expertise; investing in infrastructure projects and better training courses; and improving the business environment for all.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Methodology

• Chapter Three

  An Overview of the Situation in Turkey

• Chapter Four

  Focus Groups in Turkey

• Chapter Five

  Survey Results: Turkey

• Chapter Six

  An Overview of the Situation in Jordan

• Chapter Seven

  Focus Groups in Jordan

• Chapter Eight

  Survey Results: Jordan

• Chapter Nine

  An Overview of the Situation in Lebanon

• Chapter Ten

  Focus Groups in Lebanon

• Chapter Eleven

  Survey Results: Lebanon

• Chapter Twelve

  Lessons from Other Countries

• Chapter Thirteen

  A Synthesis Across the Three Countries

• Chapter Fourteen

  Recommendations

• Chapter Fifteen

  Conclusions and Future Directions

• Appendix A

  Interview Protocols

• Appendix B

  Focus Group Protocols

• Appendix C

  Details on Focus Group Methodology

• Appendix D

  Details on Survey and Sampling Methodology and Additional Survey Results

• Appendix E

  Household Survey Instrument

• Appendix F

  Firm Survey Instrument

• Appendix G

  Details on Country Overviews