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The level of achievement of African-led missions is noteworthy

• African-led missions have often been the peacekeepers of last resort, taking on tasks that other institutions turn down.
• Two of the six African operations examined (Burundi and Comoros) helped set a relatively peaceful trajectory.
• Three of the missions examined (Darfur, Somalia, and the Lake Chad Basin) contributed to improving security.
• African-led missions tend to focus on security tasks — and, in some cases, on security in only a limited area — as opposed to economic and other forms of assistance.

Regional solidarity is the greatest asset that African institutions bring to peace operations on their continent

• While the greater resources and organizational capacity that the UN and other partners wield will still be important, African institutions will continue to play a major role in keeping the peace on the continent.
• Several policy steps could help build up African organizations' capabilities for peace operations, such as authorizing the African Union to tax imports for funding such missions and developing model templates for collaboration with the UN and other non-African organizations.

Three previous RAND volumes examined the record of American-, United Nations (UN)--, and European-led peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and postconflict stabilization operations. This volume considers similar missions by the African Union and several subregional African organizations. These missions range from mediation and traditional peacekeeping to peace enforcement and extended counterinsurgency campaigns. This report contains case studies of six of these missions in Burundi, the Central African Republic, Darfur, the Comoros, Somalia, and the Lake Chad Basin. The case studies are followed by a statistical comparison of U.S., UN, European, and African missions. The report concludes with recommendations for the relevant African institutions, the UN, and other organizations and governments interested in peace and security in Africa.

Of the six missions examined, two were ultimately successful, and three have shown some progress. What is most remarkable and commendable about Africa's institutional role in regional peace operations is the level of cooperation generally achieved among the states most directly affected by these conflicts. African countries do not all agree with one another but instead have established effective consultation processes. They are also able to form ad hoc coalitions to pursue their shared interests. African-led peace operations have shown the flexibility to undertake a range of different types of tasks, up to and including high-intensity combat, under different subregional or continent-wide institutions, supported by varying partners. African institutions will likely develop new capabilities for peace operations, especially if new funds become available.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Burundi

• Chapter Three

  Central African Republic

• Chapter Four

  Darfur, Sudan

• Chapter Five

  Comoros

• Chapter Six

  Somalia

• Chapter Seven

  The MNJTF, Response to Boko Haram

• Chapter Eight

  Comparative Analysis

• Chapter Nine

  Conclusions

• Appendix A

  Nation-Building Supporting Data

• Appendix B

  Performance Indicators