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Training may help staff to manage patient violence and aggression.

• When staff have the appropriate knowledge, confidence and skills for handling aggressive or violent patients they may be less likely to experience negative outcomes such as injuries.

De-escalation training may not in itself reduce the number of violent or aggressive incidents.

• Evidence on whether de-escalation training is effective at reducing violent incidents is mixed, with few studies evaluating long-term effects of training. When reductions in violence were reported, they were not always sustained throughout a given study period, which may indicate there is a need for periodic interventions.

De-escalation training has been shown to contribute to a significant reduction in lost workdays, improved staff retention, reduced complaints, and reduced overall expenditure.

• Key individual benefits from the training additionally show improved knowledge and confidence in identifying and handling aggressive patients. Providing staff with the tools to handle violent situations when they do occur is suggested to limit the negative impact of aggression and violence.

A comprehensive approach to managing violence in the NHS may be more effective than de-escalation training alone.

• The limited evidence on the efficacy of individual skills-based training suggest that a combination of factors such as security measures, environmental design and policy interventions, in addition to individual skills-based training, may be more beneficial.

Violence in the workplace is a major issue for healthcare providers. As a way to help staff manage, reduce or prevent violence from occurring, NHS Improvement asked RAND Europe to conduct an analysis of de-escalation training to support the development of this type of training within health settings.

The study focused on individual skills-based training to help reduce workplace violence and assessed whether de-escalation training is effective in managing violence towards NHS staff, benefits and key methods used to provide training, key types of training and its content, and factors of success in deploying training.

To answer the research questions the research team conducted a rapid evidence assessment (REA) of de-escalation training literature. Given the availability of existing reviews evaluating the efficacy of de-escalation training in healthcare settings, our approach was to perform a review of existing de-escalation training reviews and other individual skills-based approaches to aggression management within the last 10 years (2009–2019).

The study found that training may help staff manage patient violence and aggression although de-escalation training may not in itself reduce the number of violent or aggressive incidents. Additionally, evidence shows de-escalation training contributes to a significant reduction in lost workdays, improved staff retention, reduced complaints, and reduced overall expenditure. Given these limitations, using comprehensive approaches to managing violence in the NHS may be more effective than de-escalation training alone. The quality of available evidence on de-escalation training is limited. Any efforts towards implementing de-escalation training would benefit from the inclusion of evaluation in their design.

• Chapter One

  Background and context

• Chapter Two

  Study design and methods

• Chapter Three

  The effectiveness (or otherwise) of de-escalation training in healthcare and other settings

• Chapter Four

  Conclusions

• Chapter Five

  References

• Chapter Six

  Appendix