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Global average surface temperature has been rising steadily

• Extreme heat could make some regions unlivable and potentially displace populations, leading to migration, increased conflict, and heightened risk of infectious disease outbreak.
• Increased heat could affect service members' health and training; it also could hinder the use of aircraft in certain regions.

Arctic ice melt will expand maritime access and will increase economic activity as previously unreachable natural resources become extractable

• Russian and Chinese presence in the Arctic will increase, which will require monitoring. The Air Force could face increased calls to intercept military units approaching U.S. interests and the Alaskan coast.
• Arctic coastal erosion also could threaten U.S. military infrastructure.

Rising seas and the increase in frequency and strength of storm surges threaten low-elevation coastal zones

• Sea level rise will likely contribute to instability and migration, which will affect U.S. national security interests.
• Sea level rise could damage Air Force infrastructure and impede the ability to conduct operations.

Extreme weather events can cause migration, disease, and instability

• Increasingly severe tropical storms and floods are likely to generate internal displacement and migration and to jeopardize coastal infrastructure and maritime straits.
• Military units located in disaster areas or tasked with responding to such events will face greater demands.

Water-related conflict has been on the rise and is likely to continue increasing

• Compounding stress of water shortages could inflame already explosive situations in the Middle East.
• Water insecurity could prompt more U.S. military interventions, both humanitarian and otherwise. Bases in regions with water scarcity would have to cope with this limitation.

Megacities have grown in number, size, and importance, and these dense urban environments complicate military missions for advanced militaries

• Megacities are expected to increase in size and number. Experts fear that some megacities could turn chaotic and be ruled by gangs and warlords.
• The growth of megacities suggests that the U.S. military will be fighting in dense urban areas, which could greatly decrease operational advantages earned from air superiority.

Climate and geography shape where and why conflicts occur. As part of an effort to characterize the future of warfare in 2030, this report assesses the implications of six key climate and geographical trends: the steady rise of global temperatures, the opening of the Arctic, sea level rise, more-frequent and more-extreme weather events, growing water scarcity, and the development of megacities. The ramifications of each trend are analyzed for how they are likely to affect security in specific areas. Implications for the U.S. Air Force are also considered. While these trends on their own are unlikely to lead to state collapse or interstate conflict, they are nonetheless threat multipliers and are likely to exacerbate existing problems and fuel instability around the world. This suggests that the U.S. military, including the Air Force, will have to deal with continued demand for counterterrorism and stability operations and with increased demand for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions in the years to come. These trends could also shape where and how the Air Force trains and operates as bases are affected by extreme temperatures and flooding from sea level rise.

• Chapter One

  Geographical and Environmental Trends

• Chapter Two

  Trend 1: Rising Temperatures

• Chapter Three

  Trend 2: Opening of the Arctic

• Chapter Four

  Trend 3: Rising Sea Levels

• Chapter Five

  Trend 4: Extreme Weather Events

• Chapter Six

  Trend 5: Growing Water Scarcity

• Chapter Seven

  Trend 6: Increasing Urbanization and Megacities

• Chapter Eight

  Conclusion