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There are opportunities to apply MOSA, agile acquisition, and rapid prototyping in the SEV, but their application to the space segment faces limitations

• Opportunities to apply these approaches for space hardware development may have been limited because of limited physical access to deployed space assets for in situ hardware upgrades, low-volume space market, infrequent satellite replenishment, or stove-piped architecture. However, as the future space architectures become fleshed out to potentially include shorter-life satellites and proliferated constellations, AFSPC and SMC should look for opportunities to apply these approaches.

Implementing MOSAs in the SEV offers the potential to upgrade capabilities responsively and enable enterprise synchronization, but several key challenges to implementing in DoD remain

• Key challenges that acquisition officials faced included (1) aligning diverse stakeholders, (2) managing acquisition using incremental development, and (3) tailoring industry engagement to develop consensus on standards.

Despite promising opportunities to employ agile acquisition, federal standards associated with requirements determination, acquisition rules, and budgeting systems often constrain the application of agile acquisition practices within a government setting

• Common implementation challenges include (1) tailoring to specific circumstances and choosing the right hybrid of agile and traditional acquisition, (2) determining requirements to get the full benefit of agile methods, (3) ensuring that developers and managers have appropriate training and experience, and (4) maintaining committed user participation.

Rapid prototypes often struggle to transition into operations or acquisition programs of record because of a chasm that develops between a military service's science and technology community and its acquisition and operational warfighting communities

• Key challenges include overcoming user skepticism and lack of commitment to transition, addressing operation and acquisition considerations in advance of transition, and securing necessary operations and support funding in a timely manner.

The Space Enterprise Vision (SEV), developed jointly by Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) and the National Reconnaissance Office in 2015, describes an integrated approach to building a force across all space mission areas, coupling the delivery of space capabilities with the ability to defend space capabilities. Achieving this vision requires reducing acquisition time lines and improving integration of the space enterprise. Given that the SEV requires a departure from the way space systems are currently acquired, AFSPC headquarters and Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) asked RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF) to assess key barriers to realizing the SEV and recommend ways to overcome those barriers to help achieve the SEV goals.

The research team examined a range of potential approaches to support the goals of the SEV, based on a literature review and semistructured interviews with acquisition subject matter experts and sponsor guidance. PAF identified several promising alternative acquisition approaches that merit in-depth examination in this project: modular open system architectures (MOSA), agile acquisition, rapid prototyping.

These concepts are not new, but implementing them in a Department of Defense (DoD) setting is challenging for a variety of reasons. Therefore, the examination focuses on likely challenges to implementation and recommendations to overcome them to improve the likelihood of success should these acquisition approaches have a role in the SEV. Each of these acquisition approaches can be implemented independently, but there are instances in which they may be used synergistically, as illustrated in the body of the report.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Modular Open Systems Architecture

• Chapter Three

  Agile Acquisition

• Chapter Four

  Rapid Prototyping

• Chapter Five

  Case Study: Enterprise Space Battle Management Command and Control Program

• Chapter Six

  Concluding Thoughts