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• Of the 25 measure constructs included in the expert rating process, eight were rated as having the most promise for international comparisons: treatment and control of hypertension; access to and coverage for telehealth; quality-adjusted life expectancy; insurance coverage for mental health, behavioral health, and substance abuse services; receipt of preference-concordant end-of-life care; care continuity or consistent provider; access to mental health providers; and data transfer and interoperability.
• Ten measure constructs were determined by experts to hold promise but will require additional refinements prior to moving toward the development of an operational definition: self-reported pain, access to primary palliative care, prices for brand-name and generic drugs, diffusion of and access to new prescription drugs, avoidable emergency department use, the percentage of patients with an opioid use disorder who were referred to or prescribed medication-assisted treatment, estimates of administrative complexity and cost, disadoption of ineffective medical services, healthy days at home, and availability of emergency medical services to prevent opioid death.
• Seven measure constructs were not discussed because of their lower initial ratings: clinician workforce who can prescribe medication-assisted treatment or naloxone, access to opioid treatment centers, the percentage of patients with a follow-up visit within four weeks of starting an opioid for chronic pain, time to regulatory approval for new prescription drugs, travel time to provider office, health care spending in the last year of life, and spending on mental health (percentage of total health spending).

In 2020, the Immediate Office of the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) sought to identify measures that could improve the ability of the United States and other countries to learn from international comparisons of health system performance. To inform the identification of measures for international comparison that could eventually be proposed to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), RAND Corporation researchers worked with a diverse group of 15 experts in quality measurement, clinical care, and health economics to generate and prioritize potential measure constructs that align with HHS priorities and are particularly promising for international comparisons. Eight measure constructs were identified as having the most promise for international comparison, but they will require additional development work to establish their operational definitions and specifications to ensure that any measure developed is valid and feasible for international comparisons of health system performance. This report is designed to lay a strong foundation for these future refinements by noting the degree of consensus among experts about the importance, scientific acceptability, perceived feasibility, and usability of measure constructs; summarizing the strengths and limitations of the measure constructs; and providing additional context that can be useful for informing the selection of measure constructs that might ultimately be developed into measures and proposed to OECD for consideration.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Measure Constructs That Hold the Most Promise for International Comparisons

• Chapter Three

  Measure Constructs That Received Lower or Inconsistent Ratings After Expert Discussion

• Chapter Four

  Measure Constructs That Were Not Discussed by Experts

• Chapter Five

  Recommended Modifications to Existing OECD Measures

• Chapter Six

  Measure Constructs Requiring Development

• Chapter Seven

  Recommendations and Conclusion

• Appendix A

  Evidence Tables