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• Based on literature review and interviews, the study identified a range of challenges affecting the MCCE's efforts to promote more efficient coordination of strategic lift in Africa.

Generic or global challenges affecting the MCCE's overall mission:

• These challenges include: competing priorities and the reliance on Member Nations' goodwill to share national assets; different approaches to and capabilities for burden sharing, for example between small and large Member Nations; information-sharing deficits, whether due to political sensitivities or bureaucratic and technical barriers; planning and timing issues that limit the use and benefits of multi-modal solutions such as road or sealift, with use of expensive air assets often left as the only possible 'last minute' solution; and gaps and overlaps between the responsibilities of multiple organisations, such as the US Africa Command, the MCCE, or the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, or United Nations.

Challenges specific to the African theatre of operations:

• These challenges include: the light footprint of most forces deployed in Africa and the limited assets available to support them; the physical geography of the African theatre of operations, which involves large distances and support to austere, remote bases; the complex political landscape and variable diplomatic relations with African host nations, affecting timelines for securing access, basing or overflight permissions; the prevalence of national missions with bespoke logistic support solutions, often with a focus in one country or region (e.g. France in the Sahel); and the limited complementarity with United Nations missions and capabilities.

The African theatre has long been viewed as logistically challenging to operate in; its geography is characterised by its sheer size and scale, and a diversity of different terrains. Many of the Movement Coordination Centre Europe (MCCE)’s 28 Member Nations currently have military forces deployed across Africa as part of a variety of national and multinational missions, with concentrations in the Sahel and Horn of Africa.

While a significant number of these deployments are relatively small and with a light footprint, interest in the African theatre of operations is growing and the logistics effort required to support future deployments is only likely to increase. Physical barriers to logistics support solutions in Africa are compounded by the lack of regional hubs or forward bases, meaning that there is an over-reliance on inter-theatre and strategic airlift direct to the point of requirement. Strategic airlift assets are overstretched and in short supply globally.

Against this backdrop, RAND Europe was commissioned by the MCCE to carry out a scoping study into the challenges associated with coordination of strategic lift in and around Africa. While this study focuses primarily on airlift, it also considers other modes of transport (e.g. road, rail, sea) as part of possible multi-modal solutions. The aim was to identify any potential transferrable lessons from other campaigns, along with areas that would merit further detailed investigation.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Challenges for coordination of airlift in Africa

• Chapter Three

  Implications and areas for further investigation

• Annex A

  Further information on challenges for coordination