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Several factors played a role in the Saudization of banking and telecommunications

• Banking and telecommunications both have unique characteristics—including profitability and prestige—that contributed to their success in Saudization, which may not be possible to replicate elsewhere.
• However, other factors that were important in the successful Saudization of these industries may be more broadly applicable, including a strong industry regulator, early buy-in from firm leadership, public and private education and training pipelines, and clear career pathways.

Multiple factors helped Switzerland develop its food manufacturing industry

• These factors included a focus on high-quality vocational education; the codevelopment of anchor firms, educational institutions, supply chains, startups, and supporting industry associations; a focus on the global export market; and a focus on innovation.

The food manufacturing industry has several aspects that can be leveraged for Saudization efforts

• Food manufacturing does not have the same advantages of high profitability and prestige as banking and telecommunications.
• The industry also has a larger share of small firms that cannot afford to provide various benefits that might make employment with them more inviting.
• However, young employees in food manufacturing were as satisfied with various job attributes as those in banking and telecommunications.
• The Saudi food manufacturing industry has several anchor institutions, in the form of large, well-established Saudi and international firms, that can help foster Saudization.
• Food manufacturing includes a wide range of occupations, including middle-skilled jobs with the potential to employ less-educated Saudis with technical or vocational skills, and high-skilled jobs for managers and scientists.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is striving to develop its private sector and generate quality employment for Saudi citizens, and its efforts to increase Saudization—the share of jobs filled by Saudis rather than expatriates—have focused on upgrading the skills and education of Saudis and on implementing legal reforms to improve the business environment. This report takes a third approach: assessing the potential for Saudi Arabia to develop a specific industry—food manufacturing—as a means of increasing the demand for Saudi labor. In September 2018, researchers from the Decision Support Center of the Royal Court and from the RAND Corporation set out to explore how Saudi Arabia has developed industries successfully in the past and how it could develop a target industry that can provide quality private-sector employment. Ideally, the findings based on researching a specific industry can be applied to other industries and to Saudi Arabia's economy as a whole.

• Chapter One

  The Challenge of Creating Quality Private-Sector Employment Opportunities

• Chapter Two

  Saudi Government Reforms for Private-Sector Development

• Chapter Three

  Overview of Employment Trends

• Chapter Four

  The Development of Successful Industries in Saudi Arabia

• Chapter Five

  Profile and Challenges of the Food Manufacturing Industry

• Chapter Six

  A Case Study of Switzerland's Food Manufacturing Industry

• Chapter Seven

  Saudi Views of Working in the Private Sector and Employer Perspectives

• Chapter Eight

  Policies for Developing the Food Manufacturing Industry and Creating Quality Private-Sector Jobs