G2TT
来源类型Report
规范类型报告
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7249/RRA1537-1
来源IDRR-A1537-1
North Korean Sanctions Evasion Techniques
King Mallory
发表日期2021-09-23
出版年2021
语种英语
结论

North Korea has become adept at evading sanctions that the international community has imposed on it

  • North Korea engages in four types of sanctions evasion: activities that generate hard-currency income, activities using the hard currency acquired to buy essential raw materials and dual-use and restricted technologies, covert transportation of goods that obfuscates North Korean involvement, and movements of hard currency, precious metals, and jewels internationally without North Korea's beneficial ownership of those funds becoming known.
  • Four types of entities are involved in North Korea's sanctions evasion: North Korean government officials accredited to North Korea's embassies, North Korean overseas workers, front and shell companies, and trusted third-party intermediaries.

Sanctions evasion allows North Korea to feed its overriding need for hard currency to maintain the incumbent political regime and fund nuclear weapon and ballistic missile programs

  • Those programs threaten international security and have destabilized and supported insurrection in most of the Sahel countries.
  • Those same activities are launching or have launched a nuclear weapon and ballistic missile arms race in the neighboring Middle East, exposing African nations to the threat of future missile attack.
  • They have also led to the killing of civilians with chemical weapons.

North Korea is active in 38 African countries

  • Its principal sanctions evasion activities take place within just over one-third of those countries.
  • Four of those countries may represent particularly hard cases (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Libya, Mali, and Mozambique).
摘要

The United Nations imposed increasingly restrictive sanctions on North Korea after each of the six nuclear weapons tests that it conducted between 2009 and 2016. However, enforcement of those sanctions has been mixed.

,

In this report, the author describes the origins of North Korea's hostility toward the West in the Korean War, the behaviors that led that country to continue to be regarded as hostile and aggressive, and the multilateral arms control mechanisms available and sanctions regimes imposed on North Korea to contain its proliferation activities and bring that country back into compliance with international law. The author then details the various entities involved in North Korean sanctions evasion activities and proceeds to use case studies to illustrate North Korea's principal sanctions evasion techniques in four general areas of sanctions evasion activity: hard-currency generation, restricted and dual-use technology acquisition, covert transport, and covert finance. The report is intended as a reference and learning tool for the wide variety of practitioners who form touch points with the global North Korean sanctions evasion ecosystem.

目录 North Korean Sanctions Evasion Techniques | RAND
主题Arms Proliferation and Control ; International Trade ; North Korea ; United Nations
URLhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1537-1.html
来源智库RAND Corporation (United States)
引用统计
资源类型智库出版物
条目标识符http://119.78.100.153/handle/2XGU8XDN/524567
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
King Mallory. North Korean Sanctions Evasion Techniques. 2021.
条目包含的文件
文件名称/大小 资源类型 版本类型 开放类型 使用许可
RAND_RRA1537-1.pdf(9264KB)智库出版物 限制开放CC BY-NC-SA浏览
1632406548852.jpg(7KB)智库出版物 限制开放CC BY-NC-SA缩略图
浏览
个性服务
推荐该条目
保存到收藏夹
导出为Endnote文件
谷歌学术
谷歌学术中相似的文章
[King Mallory]的文章
百度学术
百度学术中相似的文章
[King Mallory]的文章
必应学术
必应学术中相似的文章
[King Mallory]的文章
相关权益政策
暂无数据
收藏/分享
文件名: RAND_RRA1537-1.pdf
格式: Adobe PDF
此文件暂不支持浏览
文件名: 1632406548852.jpg
格式: JPEG

除非特别说明,本系统中所有内容都受版权保护,并保留所有权利。