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The West has maintained considerable pressure on Russia

• Public confidence in both national governments and international institutions, such as the European Union and NATO, has improved since 2010.
• Western nations have kept up a relatively united front against Russian hostile activities, sustaining sanctions longer than many skeptics had expected and arresting the decline in European military spending.
• Russia has incurred some economic costs as a result of these sanctions, and it has experienced a sharp decline in Western public perceptions.

The types and intensity of Russian hostile activities vary by region

• The evidence in this report shows no indication that Russia has been able to translate its hostile measures into strategic gains.
• Outside the former Soviet space, Russia typically engages in higher-intensity, physical activities only in more fragile states afflicted by civil conflicts, such as Syria and Libya.
• With some notable exceptions, in more stable countries, Russian actions are typically limited to influence operations.

The authors of this report describe strategic global trends related to Russian global influence and behavior and provide an overview and assessment of hostile activities — including information warfare, political subversion, and the use of violence or the threat of violence through proxies to undermine political order and influence vulnerable governments — that Russia has undertaken in the face of these trends.

The authors find that Russia continues to engage in a wide range of hostile measures globally, but the intensity of its behavior varies in different regions and for different types of activities. The threat posed by Russia is greatest in the former Soviet states and in more fragile states afflicted by civil conflicts; with some notable exceptions, in more stable countries, Russian actions are typically limited to influence operations. The authors conclude that, overall, the West has maintained considerable pressure on Russia.

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