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• There are 13 guiding principles for strategic planning in public sector organizations: articulating the specific motivations for developing a strategic plan; anchoring the plan in higher-level strategic guidance; instituting a clear and formal process that balances top-down guidance with bottom-up engagement; identifying key stakeholders and determining their role in the planning process; developing capacity for planning and implementation; carefully defining the business the organization is in; identifying and assessing relevant internal operating environments; identifying and assessing relevant external operating environments; specifying a manageable set of high-level strategic goals linked to more-detailed objectives; defining strategic goals and objectives sharply enough to constrain courses of action; balancing the focus on process and outcomes; selecting performance indicators to measure accomplishment of the strategic goals and objectives; and developing an implementing system that guides activities and resource allocation to support the strategic plan.
• The principles may be divided into five broad topics: grounding the strategic plan, building a system and capacity for planning, framing the organization's mission and understanding its operating environments, articulating strategic priorities and objectives, and monitoring performance and allocating resources.

Although leaders of many public and private organizations appreciate the value of strategic planning in guiding their work, they wrestle with the principles that they should use to guide a planning process and the methods that they should apply to document and implement the resulting strategic plans. The authors identified a set of principles to aid leaders of public sector organizations, particularly those charged with the management of defense human resources, in developing and implementing sound strategic plans to focus and guide activities of the organization. The five broad topics the authors identified are grounding the strategic plan, building a system and capacity for planning, framing the organization's mission and understanding its operating environments, articulating strategic priorities and objectives, and monitoring performance and allocating resources. The authors assessed the degree to which the principles have been applied in strategic planning activities for the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness between 2001 and 2020.

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