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• Mindfulness may improve some aspects of attention and emotion regulation, impulse control, and work-related morale and social support.
• The available evidence does not suggest that mindfulness improves other outcomes of interest to the Army.
• Mindfulness programs reduce stress and may reduce parental stress, which could benefit Army families.
• More research is needed to identify best practices for implementing mindfulness programs in the military.

Although studies have suggested that mindfulness-based interventions might be effective in enhancing military readiness and resilience, this has not been rigorously evaluated. This report presents results from a systematic review and meta-analyses of research examining how mindfulness meditation affects 13 performance-related outcomes of interest to the U.S. Army and broader military. The authors supplemented the systematic review by examining how mindfulness meditation could support stress management and exploring characteristics of selected mindfulness programs. The goal was to develop recommendations for mindfulness meditation programs for soldiers, should the Army choose to implement such programs in the future. Findings suggest that mindfulness may improve some aspects of attention and emotion regulation, impulsivity, and work-related morale and social support. The available evidence does not suggest that mindfulness improves other outcomes of interest to the Army. Notably, mindfulness meditation programs reduce stress and may reduce parental stress, which could benefit Army families. Yet more research is needed to identify best practices for implementing mindfulness programs in the military. The authors recommend conducting high-quality evaluations of mindfulness meditation with soldiers and assessing the effect of mindfulness meditation on military families.

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  Methods

• Chapter Three

  Results of the Systematic Review

• Chapter Four

  Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Target Outcomes

• Chapter Five

  Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress

• Chapter Six

  Characteristics of Selected Mindfulness Programs

• Chapter Seven

  Summary and Recommendations

• Appendix A

  Systematic Review Protocol

• Appendix B

  Strength of Evidence and Conclusion for Each Outcome

• Appendix C

  Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Attention

• Appendix D

  Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Emotion Regulation

• Appendix E

  Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Impulsivity, Morale, Productivity, and Social Support

• Appendix F

  Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Decisionmaking, Communication Skills, and Teamwork

• Appendix G

  Search Strategies

• Appendix H

  Evidence Table of Studies Included in the Systematic Review

• Appendix I

  Outcome Measures in Included Studies

• Appendix J

  Individual Study Quality

• Appendix K

  Assessment of Publication Bias

• Appendix L

  Technical Details on Modifications to the Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress