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Key Findings

1. Previous research and the experiences of foreign militaries and other organizations offer helpful insights into the U.S. military as it considers opening occupations currently closed to women.
2. Research indicates that gender integration has not been a primary cause of cohesion problems, and, in general, cohesion within gender-diverse groups improves over time.
3. The experiences of foreign militaries provide valuable lessons, such as the need for clear implementation plans, human resource management policies, and leadership commitment and accountability.
4. Civilian fire and police departments provide useful insight, such as the necessity for equipment and uniforms to meet the needs of women.
5. There will be both one-time and recurring costs associated with integration, but the personnel-related costs of integrating women will be very minor.