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Key Findings

• Results paint a promising picture, suggesting that the NYC-CS had positive effects on most of the examined student academic and discipline outcomes, with some notable exceptions.
• For some outcomes, particularly student attendance, the effects appear to be increasing over time.
• There is some evidence that the NYC-CS supported improvements in school climate and culture in elementary and middle schools, but there is no evidence for similar effects in high schools.
• Results have implications for policymakers and suggest directions for future research.