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Key Findings

• When comparing groups of workers at different percentiles in the income distribution, the only group for which actual income gains exceeded the economic growth rate was the group near the 99th percentile of the income distribution.
• For workers at the 25th percentile of income, actual income in 1975 was $28,000 per year. Had income growth for this group matched the economic growth rate, their income would have risen to $61,000 by 2018, but it actually rose to only $33,000. Thus, instead of rising at the economic growth rate of around 120 percent, these workers' incomes rose about 18 percent.
• White women saw income grow at nearly 57 percent of the economic growth rate, while Black women saw a gain of 41 percent and women from other racial identities gained 46 percent. However, these gains only partially close large initial gaps in income by gender.